Fasile21

Precision from the copier of this grammar: Faire use copy for archive, waiting the come back of the official website https://fasile21.org/ Copyright Egon Breitenbach, do not copy without indicate the author and the website. There is a much recent version (2020) but in Esperanto and a lot less complete: https://fasile21.org/fasile21-baza-kurso-eo/

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= Easy Grammar =

Sounds & Letters
Fasile21 uses its alphabet consistently. It means that each letter always represents the same sound, and each sound in the language is represented by a single letter.

Fasile21 tolerates a high degree of vowel variation that many languages ​​do not allow.

There is no distinction in vowel length and not recognized differences between nasalized and oral vowels. These differences almost always depend on the mother language.

Consequently, every word is read as it is written so you are able to pronounce it confidently, and when you listen to a word in Fasile21, immediately you know how to write it.

A a, like the a in father, a

B b, like the b in ball, be

D d, like the d in dad, de

E e, like the e in pet, led, rep, e

F f, like the f in fat, left, fe

G g, like the g in gag, ge

H h, like the h in house, he

I i, like the e in me, i

J j, like the s in pleasure, je

K k, like the k in kid, block, ke

L l, like the l in lid, bill, le

M m, like the m in mat, rum, me

N n, like the n in nut, bun, ne

O o, like the o in note, vote, o

P p, like the p in push, cup, pe

R r, pronounced with a burr, re

S s, like the s in sing, bus, se

T t, like the t in take, cut, te

U u, like the oo in boot, u

V v, like the v in vat, cave, ve

W w, like the w in brow, ew

X x, like the sh in ship, bush, xe

Y y, like the y in yet, boy, ey

Z z, like the z in zoom, buzz, ze

Spelling example: kays = ke-alfe, a-alfe, ey-alfe, se-alfe

Diphtongs
ay

Like the ey in Beyrut, or the long vowel i in fine or ai in Baykal.

ey

Like the long English a in mate or in fame or ei in neighbour.

oy

Like the oy in boy.

uy

Like the uoy in buoy, but pronounced as a single syllable.

aw

Like the ow in brown and in how or now.

ew

Like the ayw in wayward, but without the y.

ow

Like the ow in know.

Accent
For natural and better understanding, the accent falls on before the last syllable of words ending by vowels or / and semi-vowels (w and y).

Unstressed syllables are important in Fasile21, while English speakers often omit them.

Take care to pronounce each letter distinctly and clearly. There are no voiceless letters.

Examples
Lay naw palas simi linge.

They (females) do not speak the same language.

Un krome mas beli.

A more beautiful colour.

Lume di Sune.

The light of the sun.

Keri, vite belas!

Darling, life is beautiful!

Brile din lai vidorey portas ju tem sele!

The brilliance from her eyes brings me to the sky.

Masi perfi floru.

The most perfect flower.

Beves kafe, plis!

Drink coffee, please!

Dagasan hotogas.

Today it is too warm.

Zasme kantigas la.

The enthusiasm makes her sing.

La belijas.

She beautifies herself.

Kaw pluvos dagosan?

Will it rain tomorrow?

Vite belas. Ju laykas danse kay erge.

Life is beautiful. I like dance and work.

Ju esas palar: sete nilan kazis.

I might tell you that this never happened.

Ju, isi nistro, vitisi in rixawi rume.

I, a former minister, was living in a simple room.

Juy ismas di fuli evlige.

We are adepts at integrated development.

Manuy di ol nasey laykus prenar kay prenidar il intenasi linge.

People of all nations would like to understand and be understood by means of the international language.

Sete planidi linge travas par esprar ol aydey.

This planned language is adequate to express all ideas.

Word Order
The usual word order is subject-verb-object or agent-action-meta.

Are allowed the formulas SOV and VSO.

SVO

Marko vidas Maria.

SOV

Marko Maria vidas.

Nouns
There are four grammatical suffixes for nouns.

o: when representing a male living being.

Mano: man.

a: when representing a female living being.

Mana: woman.

u: when representing a living being without speccif sex.

Manu: man or woman.

e: when representing an inanimate, concrete or abstract being.

Mane: humanity, love: love.

Complementarity
In Fasile21, we have the possibility to express the idea of a complementary noun, using the suffix -at, as in vende: sell, vendate: buy; alfe: letter, alfate: reading.

Plural nouns
Plural nouns are indicated by adding -y.

Manoy: men, manay: women, pamuy: father and mother, alfey: letters.

Collectives
Just use the suffix -ir, as in aydire: set of ideas; fixiru: shoal (of fish); alfire: alphabet.

Personal pronouns
Ju:  I

Vu: You (singular)

Lo, la:  He, she

Juy:  We

Vuy:  You (plural)

Luy:  They

Alternatively, gender pronouns can be accurately indicated as in jo: I male, ja: I female, jay: we female, loy: they male, lay: they female and so on.

Oblique pronouns
When acting as a direct object, the personal pronoun receives the particle li, as in Ju li lovas la. She loves me.

Possessive pronouns
Any pronoun can be transformed into a possessive pronoun by adding -den, as in juden: mine, laden: hers, juyden: ours, and so on.

Migo di Paul. Paul's friend.

To indicate simple relation, di may be used.

Adjectives
Always end in -i, whether singular or plural, as in beli: beautiful, mani: human, mani kaley: human qualities.

Remark that when an adjective refers to a noun that has genre, like pamo and pama, we must maintain the full word, adding -i, as in: pama, mother, pamai: maternal.

Comparatives
Beli el Jane. As beautiful as Jane.

Min beli ril Jane. Less beautiful than Jane.

Mas beli ril Jane. More beautiful than Jane.

Superlative
Minogi beli. The least beautiful.

Masogi beli. The most beautiful.

Opposites
They are indicated by the suffix -aw as in beli: beautiful, belawi: ugly; forsi: strong, forsawi: weak.

Demonstratives and Indefinites
This (here): Seti

That (there): Dati

All: Ol

Each: Eji

Many: Obi

Any: Zari

Few: Iton

No, none: Naw, nawi

Same: Simi

Other, else: Altri

Indefinites and demonstratives
One: Un

Person: Persu

Thing: Aje

Time: Ane

Hour: Hore

Occasion: Vese

Area, surface: Feyse

Place, location: Loke

Amount, quantity: One

Manner, how: Ele

Case, situation: Kaze

Others
Several: Obi

Certain: Serti

Both: Bison

Enough: Sufi

Such: Eli

Too much: Zaji

Very: Ogon

Only: Sol

Whole: Fuli

Simple: Simpli

Used in the sense of nouns
Kaw u?

Who (whatever the gender)?

Kaw a?

What female?

Kaw o?

What male?

Kaw e?

What thing?

Used in the sense of adjectives.
Kaw i?

What kind or quality?

Used in the sense of adverbs
Kaw al?

Why?

Kaw el?

Which way, how?

Kaw an?

When?

Kaw on?

How much? or How many?

Kaw is also used in other senses, like origin, beginning, action, state, and so on.

Kaw in? Where?

Setin. Here.

Kaw loy setinas? Are they here now?

Naw. Loy setinos. No. They will stay.

Kaw sete elpos? Will this help?

Naw. Sete elpawos. No. This will be difficult.

Kaw bukey bonas?

Are the books good?

Ley bonogas.

They are very good.

Kaw den vu?

Is it yours?

Sew, juden.

Yes, it is mine.

Kaw blui?

Is it blue?

Naw, blanki.

No, white.

Kaw asbi?

Married?

Kaw an genis?

When did it begin?

Dan 1999.

Since 1999.

Articles
In most of the languages, the definite article is applied as a prothesis, an improvised used commonly due to inner imperfections or anomalies not solved by the established grammar.

Remark that a considerable number of languages does not have articles. So, the bigger, inherent productivity of Fasile21, naturally dispenses this grammatical category.

No article is needed to be used when the articled word has a generic sense, as Ju laykas kafe. I like coffee.

Extensively, no article need be used before names, words used as names, abstract nouns or infinitives. For translation purposes, the article is implied, as in Vite. The life.

Time
Before: Antan

After: Posan

Since: Dan

In (hence): An

Until: Tilan

During: Duran

Relations
Of/about/ concerning: Baw

For/ as a means of/ in order to: Gol

By/actor/author/ by means of: Dun

In company of: Kon

Without/ except: Sen

Opposite/against/ in spite of: Aw

Approximately: Kez

Conjunctions
And: Kay

Both: Bison

Or: Ow

Either...or: Ow... ow

Neither...nor: Naw... naw

But: Sed

If, whether: Kaz

Then, consequently: Tam

Because, in order that: Al

Although: Graw

After: Pos

Before: Antan

Since: Dan

Till: Til

While: Duran

Cardinals
0 zer, 1 un, 2 bis, 3 trin, 4 for, 5 pen, 6 sis, 7 sev, 8 ok, 9 naf, 10 dek

11 dek un, 12 dek bis... 19 dek naf, 20 bisedek... 90 nafedek

100 xen, 200 bisexen... 900 nafexen, 1 000 mil

135 xen trinedek pen, 435 forexen trinedek pen

7 435 sevemil, forexen trinedek pen

1 000 000 un sisezer

1 003 020 435 un nafezer, trinesiszer, bisedek mil, forexen trinedek pen

Ordinals
Just add -ani to the cardinal word: unani, first; trinani, third.

Fractions, unity
Nafune: 1/9; for trinedek uney: 4/30.

Fayre: fire, fayrune: flame; sande: sand, sandune: grain of sand.

The preposition don, corresponding to of, is used to express the portative sense, as un bevile don vine: a glass of (filled with) wine; trin tasey don kafe: three cups of coffee.

Basic Operations
7-3 = 4: 7 min 3 as 4

7+3 = 4: 7 mas 3 as 10

6/3 = 3: 6 div 3 as 2

6x3 = 5: 6 ob 3 as 18

Simple tenses
Present: Vu lovas.

Past: Vu lovis.

Future: Vu lovos.

Conditional: Vu lovus.

Imperative, volitive: Vu loves.

The verb endings are invariable. Personal pronouns may always be used to indicate the person. They are only omitted in the singular imperative, in the second person, the one who is addressed, as it is implied.

Ju lovas.

Vu lovas.

Lu lovas.

Juy lovas.

Vuy lovas.

Luy lovas.

Imperfect subjunctive

Indicating hypothesis

Kaz la venus, ju felsus.

Should she come, I would be happy.

Future subjunctive

Indicating actual fact

Kaz la kantos.

If she will to sing.

Passive
Igadi: that is made now (present)

Igidi: that was made (past)

Igasi: that makes now (present continuous)

Igisi: that have made (past)

In order to deduce participle-nouns, just make them nouns, as in lovaso, lover; loviso, ex-lover; kreiso, that created; juzado, defendant, the one that is being judged now. The verb to be is implied in the passive forms of the participles.

Present
Juy lovadi.

We are loved now.

Future
Juy lovodi.

We will be loved.

Past
Juy lovidi.

We were loved.

Conditional
Juy lovudi.

We would be loved.

Imperative
Juy lovedi.

We must be loved.

So, the lengthy constructions found in countless languages, like I have been loved and I was being loved, are reduced in Fasile21.

The preposition by corresponds to dun. Loved by God. Lovidi dun Godo.

Future participles
Certainly, there are not many languages with such useful forms of expression when accuracy and conciseness are demanded.

Active
Igosi.

What is there to make.

Passive
Igodi.

What is there to be made.

More examples

Pagedi mone: money to be paid; resedi mone: money due;

Un Savoso, a Messiah (that will save). Juzoda, defendant (that will be judged).

Continuity
Extended actions are indicated by the -ul suffix. Examples: palar: to speak, palule: discourse.

To indicate brevity or beginning of an action: genegritir: to exclaim.

To make
By means of the suffix -ig, we have beligar, to make beautiful; rokigar, to petrify.

For the reflexive action, the -ij suffix is adopted, ijar, to become, rokijar, to become rock.

Some verbs
Let, allow, permit to: Permar

Must, should, need to: Esar

Want to, intend to: Volar

Can, able to: Avar

Know (how) to: Sofar

Go to: Ivar tem

Come to: Venar

Expect to: Veytar

Hope to: Espar

Fear to: Fobar

Prefer to: Mas volar

Hesitate to: Owumar

Dare to: Derar

Threaten to: Menar

Pretend to: Finjar

Appear to: Aprar

Try to: Trayar

Concerning to cause, end in -al.
Kaw al? Why?

Al... Because...

Concerning to time, end in -an.
Nilan. Never.

Olan. Always.

Concerning to quantity, end in -on.
Ogon. Very much.

Iton. A little.

Concerning to place, end in -in.
Olin. Everywhere.

Nilin. Nowhere.

Concerning to way, end in -el.
Forsel. Strongly.

Belel. Beautifully.

In questions and whenever clearness demands it, the adverbs can be represented just by the root (the unchanged part of the word) as in fors or bel.

Comparatives
Adverbs expressing equality

Bon el... Well as...

Adverbs expressing inferiority

Min bel ril... Less beautifully than...

Relative superlative

Mini bel. The least beautifully.

Adverbs expressing superiority

Mas bel ril... More beautifully than...

Superlative

Masi bel. The most beautifully (among all).

Remark that when an adverb refers to a noun that has genre, like pamo and pama, we must maintain the full word, adding -el, as in: pama, mother, pamael: motherly.

Place and Direction
Suffixe -in. Preje: the prayer; prejine: church, the special place for praying. For origin, din is used, as in La venis din Lisboa. She came from Lisbon.

Prepositions
In: In

Sorin: On

Posin: Behind

Nirin: Near

Saydin: Beside, up to

Xesin: Next to, at

Krosin: At the opposite end of

Tawin: In front of

Apin: Above

Detin: On the right

Goxin: On the left

Intin: Between, among, inter

Anglin: In the corner

Entin: Inside, inner

Awtin: Outside, out

Subin: Under, bellow

Tranin: Trough

Din: From

Temin: Toward

Lawin: Along

Sirkin: Around

Examples
Kaw tem vu ivos?

Where are you going?

Ju ivos tem Porto Alegre.

I am going to Porto Alegre.

Birdo voldis tem ente di rume.

The bird flew into the room.

Birdo voldis tem rume.

The bird flew to the room.

Birdo voldis in rume.

The bird flew in the room.

Fanto entas in rume.

The boy gets into the room.

Fanto in rume.

The boy is/stays in the room.

La tripis tem Ewre.

She traveled to Europe.

Movements

Represented by the suffix -iv, as in rapive: run; posivar: to follow; subivar: to go down.

Animal sounds

Miow: Keti vose.

Bark: Dogi vose.

Whinny: Horsi vose.

Fasile21 Pre-Advanced Course (F219539L)

= 1. Introduction = This course is intended for those interested in learning and practicing Fasile21, the Magic  Language aiming to get easy worldwide communication.

The Pre-Advanced Fasile21 Course covers the ten grammatical word classes in order to create opportunities for student's full command of the language. It offers texts with dialogue and readings, as well a vocabulary.

1.1.2. Courses

 * Nouns
 * Numerals
 * Determiners
 * Pronouns
 * Verbs
 * Adjectives
 * Adverbs
 * Prepositions
 * Conjunctions
 * Interjections

1.1.3. Annexes

 * Antonym - Complement
 * Difey
 * Danje
 * Intevide
 * Tore di Bable
 * Juyi Pamo
 * Norti Vente kay Sune
 * Fasile21 Vocabulary

= 2. The Pronounciation =

2.1. English usage controversies
In English, numerous grammatical constructions are in dispute. In each dispute, a significant number of English speakers identify a given construction as incorrect while a significant number of different English speakers identify it as correct.

Differences in rules between formal and informal speech, and also between dialects, often enter such disputes; informal speech or non-standard dialects are sometimes simply labelled as incorrect. Correct use of a given register or dialect may be seen as markers of education, culture, group identity, or respect. Various proscriptive authorities, such as style guides and teachers, make pronouncements on the correctness of many constructions; disputes arise when these authorities disagree with each other, or with actual usage by a population of speakers. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).

There is no distinction in vowel length and differences between nasalized and oral vowels. These differences almost always depend on the mother language.

Consequently, every word is read as it is written so you are able to pronounce it confidently, and when you listen to a word in Fasile21, immediately you know how to write it.

2.2.1. Letter, Sound, Name
A a like a in father    a

B b like b in ball    be

D d like d in dad    de

E e like e in pet, led, rep e

F f like f in fat, left    fe

G g like g in gag, get    ge

H h like h in house    he

I i like e in me    i

J j like s in pleasure    je

K k like k in kid, block ke

L l like l in lid, bill    le

M m like m in mat, rum me

N n like n in nut, bun    ne

O o like o in note, vote o

P p like p in push, cup pe

R r pronounced with a burr re

S s like s in sing, bus    se

T t like t in take, cut    te

U u like oo in boot    u

V v like v in vat, cave    ve

W w like w in brow    ew

X x like sh in ship, bush xe

Y y like y in yet, boy    ey

Z z like z in zoom, buzz ze

2.2.2. Spelling example
kays = ke-alfe, a-alfe, ey-alfe, se-alfe

2.2.3. Diphthongs
Ay pronounced like ey in Beyrut, or the long vowel i in fine or ai in Baykal.

Ey pronounced like the long English a in mate or in fame or ei in neighbour.

Oy pronounced like oy in boy.

Uy pronounced like uoy in buoy, but pronounced as a single syllable.

Aw pronounced like ow in brown and in how or now.

Ew pronounced like ayw in wayward, but without the y.

Ow pronounced like ow in know.

2.2.4. Accent
For natural and better understanding, the accent falls on before the last syllable of words ending by vowels or / and semi-vowels (w and y).

Unstressed syllables are important in Fasile21, while English speakers often omit them.

Take care to pronounce each letter distinctly and clearly. There are no voiceless letters.

2.2.5. Examples
Lay naw palas simi linge They (feminines) do not speak the same language

Un krome mas beli A more beautiful color.

Lume di Sune The light of the sun.

Keri, vite belas! Darling, life is beautiful!

Brile din lai vidorey portas ju tem sele! The brilliance of her eyes brings me to the sky.

Masi perfi floru The most perfect flower

Beves kafe, plis! Drink coffee, please!

Dagasan hotogas Today it is too warm.

Zasme kantigas la The enthusiasm makes her sing

La belijas She beautifies herself

Kaw pluvos dagosan? Will it rain tomorrow?

Vite belas. Ju laykas danse kay erge Life is beautiful. I like dance and work

Ju esas palar: sete nilan kazis I might tell you that this never happened

Ju, isi nistro, vitisi in rixawi rume I, a former minister, was living in a simple room

Juy ismas di fuli evlige We are adepts at integrated development

Manuy di ol nasey laykus prenar kay prenidar il intenasi linge. People of all nations would like to understand and be understood by means of the international language.

Sete planidi linge travas par esprar ol aydey. This planned language is adequate to express all ideas.

2.2.6. Abbreviations
Considering the international nature of Fasile21, and especially for the benefit of translations and interpretations, it is recommended to avoid the most reduced representation of words or expressions.

2.2.7. Lexical Notations
Are graphic signals commonly used in writing, in addition to the letters, with particular directions, but necessary for the representation of words from foreign languages.

Accents: acute ( ' ), grave ( ') and caret ( ^ ). Apostrophe: ( ' ). Cedilla under (dash). Hyphen ( - ). Tilde ( ~ ). Trema ( ¨ ).

= 3. Nouns =

3.1. For terminations
The vocal -a, -e, -a, -u terminations determine nouns.

From the word stem art. we have the following possibilities:

3.2. The plural
The plural of nouns is indicated by ending -y.

3.3. The collective noun
The collective noun to represent a plurality of same nouns, is indicated by the addition of -ir suffix, that means group, collection.

Buke: book    bukire: library

Fixu: fish    fixiru: shoal

Living beings admit special collective, assigning collection of same gender:

Dolfo: male dolphin

Dolfira: collection of female dolphins

When the basic concept has no gender, applies the termination -u on the noun, keeping the termination -e for no living nouns.

Tixate: learning tixatire: collection of learnings

Tixatiru: class students of both genders

Tixata: student tixatira: class of students (fem.)

Tixato: student tixatiro: class of students (masc.)

3.4. Word stem and affixes
Affixes are the elements attached to the word stem (understood as irreducible element of a word, such as the least significant segment that remains when you eliminate desinencies). When used before the word stem, are called prefixes, and when used after the the word stem, are called suffixes.

3.5. For the sake of clarity
In English the expressions "the reception of the delegates" and "the instruction of the delegates" have ambiguous meaning. They can mean, respectively, that the delegates receive or are received and that the apostles teach or are taught.

In Fasile21 similar structures, such as "vistate di miguy" or "instre di postloy", would repeat the imprecision. So, for best clarity, we should prefer alternative forms, richly available, such as:

Miguy instradas The friends are being instructed Postloy instradas The apostles are being instructed

Miguy instras The friends are instructing Postloy instras the apostles are instructing

Vistate tem miguy Reception to the friends Instre tem postloy Instruction to the apostles

Vistate di miguy Reception of the friends Instre di postloy Instruction of the apostles

3.6. Converting common nouns
Common names designate the species: man, woman, mount, while proper names designate individuals of the species, respectively: Mary, Everest.

[Soon ?]

3.7. Derivation and composition
Except prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs, interjections, cardinal numerals and special particles, all words end by -a, -e, -i, -o, -u, -al/ -an/ -el/  -in, -on, -ar, -as, -es, -is, -os, -us, respectively representing feminine noun, noun in general (inanimate), adjective, masculine noun, neutral, adverbs (question, time, mood, place, quantity, verbal infinitive, present, jusive, past, future, conditional).

-a Feminine noun -e Inanimate noun

-i Adjective -o Masculine noun

-u Neutral noun -al Question adverb

-an Time adverb -el Mood adverb

-in Place adverb -on Quantity adverb

-ar Infinitive -as Present

-es Jusive [!!! ??? imperative ?] -is Past

-os Future -us Conditional

Using your imagination, combined to Logic, according to necessity, you can freely create new concepts from previous ones, composing synthetic meanings like:

Sim-aw-ig-as-ir-a group of feminines changing something

Alternatively, you can use the preposition di :

Prote di manay Protection of women Mesire-buke year book Pluve-protile umbrella Salge-idre brine, salt water Mare-idre saltwater Idre din mare water coming from sea Salgigar to make something salting

Notice above, that the main ideas are located to the right.

To deduce a word, given the basic concept of art, for example, you can derive the right one, among many possibilities:

Art-el artfully (adverb) Art-ar to make art (verbal infinitive) Art-ig-ar to make something artistic

You can derive to the left, certainly with the intention of creating or deduce a new concept, where remains the idea of art.

Associating the concept of book to the concept of art:

Buke-arte Art of book Arte-buke Artistic book Buke baw arte Book on art

In the compounded words above, the first word remains the final vowel -e for better pronunciation and understanding.

The modularity of Fasile21 makes viable to represent with ease, concepts often lacking in natural languages, as we will see later.

3.8.1. With adjectives
Beli kanta Beautiful singer Beli kantay Beautiful feminine singers Beli kantoy Beautiful masculine singers Beli kantuy Beautiful singers Beli kantey Beautiful songs

3.8.2. With active verbs
Kantasi rola Actress singing Awdasi persu Person listening

3.8.3. With passive verbs
Kantadi liraje Poem sung Awdadi vorde Heard word

3.8.4. With possessive pronouns
Juden buke My book Vuden kare Your car

3.8.5. With relative pronouns
Di seti loke From this place Di zari loke From some place

3.8.6. With demonstrative pronouns
Dati persu That person Seti vike This week

3.8.7. With interrogative particle
Kaw an? When? Kaw i? Of what quality?

Note that, when the best pronunciation (euphony) is not impaired, in the adverbial sense we can employ the word stem, without termination.

3.8.8. With indefinite pronouns
Zari krome Some color Zari nimu Some animal

3.8.9. With negative pronouns
Nil abo No owner Nil vistu No visitor

3.8.10. With cardinal numerals
For blemey Four problems Bis kirey Two hands

3.8.11. With ordinal numerals
Bisani love Second love Xenani vide 100th view

3.8.12. With multiple numerals
Penobi one Fivefold quantity Trinobi sume Triple sum

3.8.13. With fractional numerals
Penune Fifth (1/5) Un trinune A third (1/3)

3.9.1. With another noun
Baze di linge Foundation of language Koste di pane / Pani koste Cost of bread Suse di site / Siti suse The success of the university Trate baw Frazike Treaty about Grammar Fraziki trate Grammar treaty Korde par paze According for peace Pazi korde Peaceful agreement

For the purposes of simultaneous translation or faster understanding,  when the author of the text or the speaker uses very extensive determinants: Kari, pani, vesti, tripi koste Cost of car, bread, garment, travel.

3.9.2. With preposition + adjective + noun with moral or material sense
Bawe di dubi prene Matter of doubtful meaning Bukey di simi valde Books of same value Arto di kaple Artist of capacity

3.9.3. With idea of possession or relevance
Ringe di asba The ring of the bride Prayde di pama Proud of mother

3.9.4. With idea of consistency
Farne daj vude Mobile done of wood Tase (igadi) daj vitre A glass (made) of glass

3.9.5. With idea of no pertinence
Un inton obi persuy One between multiple people Iti une di vui vite Small part of your life

3.9.6. With quantification, determined or not
For tasey don vine Four glasses of wine Sev tasey don dati vine Seven cups of wine Trin metrey don vebe Three meters of fabric Iton hoti kafe A little hot coffee Mason aysi idre More iced water

3.9.7. With idea of inter-relation
Xuzidu il diro Chosen by the director Pikidi il birdu Pecked by bird Vinsidi il pamidoy Won by children Tixidi il migoy Taught by friends

3.9.8. With idea of means
Votuy atidi il urbemenjo The voters were received by the mayor of the city Ponte konstridi il abo The bridge built by the owner Loy vinsidi il pamiday They were defeated by daughters Pamiday vinsidi il loy The daughters were won by them

3.9.9. With multiple complements
Add-ones directly determining the noun:

Kipes karte din vui pamo Take the letter from your father Juy ives tem meze di jarde Let's go to the middle of the garden Sune brilas sor kalmi mare The sun is shining on the calm sea

The three following sentences...

Pazawe mortigas persiruy il vunde War kills people by the wound Pazawe mortigas persiruy il voremanke War kills people by lack of food Pazawe mortigas persiruy il sanawe War kills people by the disease

... can be summarized in a single period, with several add-ones:

Pazawe mortigas persiruy il vunde, il voremanke, il sanawe The war kills people by the wound, by lack of food, by disease

We can still have a period composed by different add-ones for classes, accompanied by different prepositions and supplements of various kinds:

Ergiru tripos dagosan, il base, xes okani hore, din publi jarde, awtosi duran bis vikey The workers will travel tomorrow, by bus, at eight o'clock, from the square, getting out during two weeks

Juy sidres plane el gravi elpe par koneerge intin nasey Let us consider the project as an important aid to the cooperation between the nations

3.10. Apposition
It is the noun that qualifies another noun, as a city, region, country, geographic feature (river, lake, etc.), day, month, season or feast, preceded by a common noun.

Siro Pedro Alvares Mr. Pedro Alvares Sofiko Socrates The filosopher Socrates Trite Jesus Jesus street Seze vintre Winter season Nente Mere America's continent

=== 3.10.1. The verbal infinitive,

employed in place of noun, can be considered apposition. === Arte dansar Art of dance Ayde lovar Idea of to love Ige naskar Action to be born

Lite as arte krear Bele il alfi linge Literature is the art of creating the beautiful through written language

3.10.2. Explicative apposition
Consisting of one or more words, it is used between commas or pauses in speech.

La, presda, volas Pawlo She, president, wants Paul Fantuy, kinguy di munde, mirtas ole! The children, the queens of the world, deserve everything! Pringe, seze di florey, masi belas Spring, the season of flowers, is the most beautiful

Palasi Intenasi Linge, juy perfigas munde, par le kreadi Speaking the International Language, we improve the World, for which it is being created

3.11. Vocative
It represents person, animal, subject or idea that we invoke, always in the second person (vu or vuy), singular or plural. It consists of noun, with qualifiers or not.

Pama, va marvas! Mother, you are wonderful! Jui miga, va ogon fidas. My friend, you are very faithful.

Legres, barkuy di ol marey, al vuyi mirte sakridis. Rejoice, sailors of all seas, because your glory was sanctified.

The vocative may be implicit:

Tarijes, tixato! Arise, student! Frata, naw tates vitre! Sister, do not touch the glass!

= 4. Numerals = Counting, measuring, weighing, comparing ...

4.1. - Cardinal numerals
Words that denote quantities, series, proportion, etc. As the pronouns, the numerals may appear alone or with a noun:

With an adjective numeral: Four men. For manoy. With a noun numeral: Seven came out. Sev awtivis.

Cardinal numerals represent abstract quantity, as in mathematical operations:

2 X 3 = 6. Two times three are six. Bis obon bis as for.

Alternatively, quantity of beings: Three flowers. Trin florey.

4.1.1. - By extensive
0 zer, 1 un, 2 bis, 3 trin, 4 for, 5 pen, 6 sis, 7 sev, 8 ok, 9 naf, 10 dek

11 dek un, 12 dek bis... 19 Dek naf, 20 bisedek ... 90 nafedek, 100 xen

200 bisexen ... 900 nafexen ... 1,000 mil, 1,000,000 un sisezer, 3,000,000,000 trin nafezer

4.1.2. - Compound
135: xen trinedek pen. 435: Forexen trinedek pen.

7 435: sev mil, forexen trinedek pen.

1 000 000: un sisezer.

1 003 020 435: un nafezer, trin mil, bisedek trinzer, forexen trinedek pen.

4.2. - Ordinal numerals
It indicates the number of order of beings. Just add -ani at the end of the cardinal numeral.

Unani first Trinani third

4.3. - Multiplicative
It represents a multiple of the quantity.

4.3.1. - Noun
Twice Bisobe Triple Trinobe Centuple Xenobe

4.3.2. - Adjective
Twice Bisobi Triple Trinobi Centuple Xenobi

4.4. - Fractional
It denotes proportional decrease by fractions of reference quantity.

1/2 Bisune half

1/9 Nafune a ninth

4/30 For trinedek uney four-thirtieth

Extensive use:

fayre fire fayrune flame

sande sand sandune grain of sand

We use don in portative sense:

bevile don vine a glass of / containing wine

trin tasey don kafe three cups of coffee

4.5. Undefined
Classified as indefinite pronouns in English:

None: nile All: oley Very: ogone Another: altre

Little: itone Other: altre Quite: sufe Several: obe

4.6. Basic Operations
7-3: 7 minon (minus) 3 = as / are 4 7+ 3: 7 mason (more) 3 = as / are 10

6/3: 6 divon (divided for) 3 = as / are 2 6x3: 6 obon (multiplied to) 3 = as / are 18

- Degree [Soon ?]

4.7. Comparing Substantives
The quality that admits gradation or intensification is called degree. However, we can associate ideas of quantification with substantive, whether through adjectives, in an analytical way, either by suffixes, in an synthetic way.

4.7.1.1. Analytical:
Ogi mano, ogogi mano Big man, enormous man

4.7.1.2. Synthetic:
Manogo, jovogo Big man, big younger

4.7.2.1. Analytical:
Iti mano, iti jovo. Little man, little younger.

4.7.2.2. Synthetic:
Manito, jovito. Small man, small younger.

4.7.2.3. Derogatory (-ak):
We use -ak in the sense of something bad, wrong, of low quality, to represent derogatory or demeaning.

Bukake, horsake, awzake. Bad book, bad horse, cottage.

4.7.2.4. Hypocoristic repeated -it
Associated to the idea of sympathy or affection, this feature is represented by repeating -it, the suffix for small.

Pamitito: Daddy. Pamitita: Mom. Fantitu: Babe.

Bonititi: Nice, as beneficial. Xapitite: Little hat.

4.8.1. Comparatives
They occur exclusively in an analytical form (without suffixes).

4.8.1.1. Equality - el
Simi ravi el iji frata. Charming like her sister.

4.8.1.2. Superiority - mas ... ril
Mas ravi ril iji frata More charming than herself sister

4.8.1.3. Inferiority - min ... ril
Min ravi ril iji frata Less enchanting than his own sister

4.8.2.1. Relative
It assigns quality to adjective - compared to one or more adjectives

4.8.2.1.1. Superiority - masi ... int
Pawla masi rapas inton jogay Paula is the fastest of the feminine players Alter masi jovas inton pamidoy Alter is the youngest of the children

4.8.2.1.2. Inferiority - min ... int
Pawla mini rapas inton jogay Paula is the less rapid inter feminine players Aleks mini jovas inton pamidoy Aleks is the least inter young children

4.8.2.2. Absolute
gives more or less quality to the adjective, not mentioning another

4.8.2.2.1. Analytical - ogon, iton
Ogon beli, iton beli Very beautiful, little beautiful

4.8.2.2.2. Synthetic -og, -it
Belogi, bonogi, migogi Very beautiful, very good, very friend

4.9.1.1. Equality:
Simi nirin el ..., simi bonel el … As close as ... , as well as ...

4.9.1.2. Superiority:
Mas bonel ril ..., mas nirin ril … Better than ... , closer than ...

4.9.1.3. Inferiority:
Min nirin ril ..., min bonel ril … Less close (of) than ... , less well (of) than ...

4.9.2.1. Synthetic:
Rapogel, ogogon, onogon. Blazing fast, extremely (intensity), very much (quantity).

4.9.2.2. Analytical:
Ogon nirin, ogon bonawel. Very close, very badly.

= 5. Determiners = In English and many other languages, it is the word that qualifies the nouns.

The definite article is considered an adjective demonstrative pronoun because has identical syntactic function. In many languages it normally acts as a prosthesis, to accommodate or resolve imperfections of own language or of user inability.

For the purpose of version and translation, the definite article is always implied in the termination of the noun:

However, you are free to use the personal pronouns to set, emphasize or highlight the term preceded by: Le Brazil (country). La Maria (woman).

The indefinite article properly, relates to any one of the species: A man: Un mano. A book: Un buke. It can flex as any other word stem.

The English indefinite articles, a and an, correspond to:

Un ergo: A worker. Un mano: A man.

The perfectibility of Fasile21 eliminates the existence of the definite article and relieves us of this overload, avoiding numerous irregularities and contradictions common to the traditional languages, empirically developed.

(Not ready text).

= 6. Pronouns =

6.1. - Personal and possessive pronouns
There are three persons in grammatical speech:

1. Who speaks - first person: ju.

2. Who is listening the word - second person: vu and vuy.

3. About who (or which) are speaking - third person: lo, la, lay, lu, luy, le, ley.

While ju is the first singular person, vu corresponds to the second singular person and vuy correspond to the plural second person pronouns. Fasile21  personal pronouns lo, la, lu, le, representing him, she, neutral (be alive), neutral (inanimate), correspond to the third singular person and personal pronouns loy, lay, ley, luy, le, ley, representing them (masculine, feminine, neutral,  they (living beings), and neutral plural (inanimate), correspond to the third plural person.

The complete sentences contain subject, verb and object as:

Mary loves John.

Mary sees John.

Mary, the subject, John, the object of the action, of course are two people. However, many times the subject is the subject itself:

Mary vidijas.

Mary sees herself.

The suffix -ij indicates that the action to see falls on the subject, in this case, Mary.

6.2. - Possessive pronouns
To indicate a simple relation, without possession, simply add -i o the personal pronoun. My car would be jui kare (the car is not my property, he is with me). Remark that there are o possessive pronouns in following examples, but just relation pronouns: our car: our car; page of the book: paje di buke; person of money: monabi persu, teacher's wife: asba di tixo.

In general, possessive pronouns do not flex, like adjectives. However, when clarity requires to indicate property, we may employ the possessive pronoun den, with respective personal pronouns, as in: juden buke: my book; vuden buke: your book, etc.

Notice that in English, we use the preposition of in numerous cases.

Fasile21, to be precise, explicits more adequately the interaction of the individual with others and the environment.

6.3. - Demonstrative and undefined pronouns
Mentioning any of the species, you can use the indefinite pronoun: zari ergu: any worker; zari erguy: some (any) workers.

The demonstrative pronouns, like this or that, are associated with the idea of space, as setin: here; time: setan: now; daton: that quantity, and so on.

For variations, such as next to you (the caller) or next to me (the speaker), employ xes: This book (here): Seti buke, That beer (there, distant from the interlocutor): Dati bire. This beer (close to you): Bire xesin vu.

6.4. - Undefined pronouns
Are the terms that designate being or object, accompanying or replacing nouns.

6.4.1. - Nouns:
eje: each, zare: something, zare; nile: nothing; ole: everything.

Nile kazos.

Nothing will happen.

6.4.2. - Adjectives:
eji: each, zari: something, some; nili: no; altri: another, obi: multiple, oli: total, ogoni: many, serti: sure, seni: without; zari: any; sufi: enough, etc.

Zari persu avas vinsar.

Anyone can to win.

6.4.3. - Adverbials:
nilan: never, nilin: nowhere, olan: always, etc.

Juy nilan elpos.

We never help.

6.5.1.1. Set, proximity
Set ine - here, this place

Set ane - now, this time

Set one - this amount

Set el - thus, thus

Set ale - this question, by this

Set kale - this quality

Set aje - this, this thing

Set u / uy - this being / these beings

6.5.1.2. Dat, not proximity
Dat ine - there

Dat ane - then, at that time

Dat one - that quantity, both

Dat ele - that mode

Dat ale - that cause

Dat kale - that quality

Dat aje - that thing

Dat u, uy - that / those beings

6.5.1.3. Ol, everything, all
Ol iney - all posts

Ol ane - always

Ol one - everything

Ol ele - all modes

Ol ale - all causes

Ol kale - all types

Ol aje - everything, all things

Ol uy - all beings

6.5.1.4. Zar, some
Zari ine - some place

Zari ane - some time

Zari one - any quantity

Zari it - some way

Zari ale - any question

Zari kale - some of the quality, type

Zari aje - something, anything

Zari u, uy - someone, "someones"

6.5.1.5. Nil, nothing
Nil ine - no place

Nil ane - never

Nil one - no amount

Nil it - no way

Nil ale - no question

Nil kale - none type

Nil acts - there is nothing, no thing

Nil u, uy - nobody, "no ones"

6.5.1.6. Kaw, which, question adverbs
Kaw ine? - Where?

Kaw ane? - When?

Kaw one? - How much?

Kaw el? - How?

Kaw ale? - Why?

Kaw kale? - What type?

Kaw aje? - What thing?

Kaw u, uy? - Who, "whos"?

6.5.2. - Question pronouns
They have the function of searching for information.

6.5.2.1. - Nouns:
kaw aj: wthat thing, kaw u(y): who, etc.

Kaw u palis?

Who spoke?

Kaw e luy igis?

What have they done?

6.5.2.2. - Adjectives:
kaw i: what, kaw on: how many, kaw altri: what another, etc.

Kaw i kalas dati buke?

Which book is that?

Kaw i buke vu mas volas?

Which book do you prefer?

Kaw on dagey?

How many days?

6.5.2.3. - Adverbs:
kaw el? How? Kaw in? Where? Kaw tem? Where to? Kaw an? When?

Kaw el vu rew venis?

How you returned?

Kaw an juy awtivos?

When are we going out?

6.6. Oblique and possessive pronouns
In oblique way, the action rests with the person, animal, subject or different idea of subject, represented by a pronoun.

Kinga petis tem elpa vokes lai keto.

The queen asked the auxiliary that call the cat.

(The queen's cat).

Siro es palis tem iji serva vestar lo.

The lord commanded his servant clothe him.

(Dressing the lord).

Siro es palis tem iji serva vestar.

The lord commanded that his servant clothes.

(That the lord himself).

More esigas pamay protar iji pamiduy.

The moral obligates that the mothers protect their own sons and daughters.

More esigas pamay protar lai pamiduy.

The moral obligates that the mothers protect sons and daughters of it (the moral).

We should always prefer alternatives of clearer and more effective communication, such as:

Kinga varnis elpa: la iji vokos keto.

The queen warned the servant: she herself will to call the cat.

For better understanding, and avoiding to write through grammatical terminology, we prefer to add some self-revealing examples.

Lases dati persuy dal kansar.

Let those people to rest.

Dirce igis iji frata irijar tem jui klube.

Dirce made his sister to join our club.

More esigos juy elpar lai pamiduy.

The Moral will obligate us to help theirs sons and daughters.

More esigos juy elpar juyi pamiduy.

The Moral will obligate us to help our sons and daughters.

More esigas pamay elpar iji pamiduy.

The Moral obligates the mothers to help their sons and daughters.

More esigas pamay elpes iji pamiduy.

The Moral obligates the mothers to help their own children and daughters.

Ivar il vui kare masas pleje.

To go by your car is the greatest pleasure.

Ivar il kare di altre masas loi pleje.

To go by the car of others is his greatest pleasure.

Igar law iji pense, nilan bonas.

to act according to his own thoughts, never is good.

In seti kaze, igar law pense di altre, avas trafar.

In this episode, to act according to the mind of others may be appropriate.

Daniel vitas kon asba travawi par iji.

Daniel lives with his wife inappropriate for herself.

Daniel vitas kon asba travawi par lo.

Daniel lives with his wife inappropriate for himself.

Mary, tuyan, usis kaze favi tem le.

Mary, immediately, used the fact favorable to it.

Ju xuzas lo el masi kapli intel iji fratoy.

I choose him as the most capable among his brethren.

In munde naw zistas mano el lo.

In the world there is no man like him.

Erika vidas Irena jogasi il iji beybu.

Erika sees Irena playing with herself baby.

(Baby of Irena).

Erika vidas Irena jogasi il lai beybu.

Erika sees Irena playing with her baby.

(Erika baby).

Karolina vidas Irena ivasi tem blanki awze di altru.

Karolina sees Irena going to the white house from others.

(Nor Irena's, nor Carolina's).

Lay trovis altri manay ivasi kon iji pamay.

They found other women who are accompanying their own mothers.

Lo naw prenas linge palidi il loi migoy.

He does not understand the language spoken by their friends.

La sidis sor sidile xowidi tem la.

She sat in a seat shown on it.

Ju naw envas dati bisno, rixi sed turmadi il iji asba.

Not envy that trader, rich but tormented by his wife.

Kaplawi menjoy, in dati rejey, naw konas awzuy.

The incompetent administrators, in those regions, do not know the residents.

La trovis vidare di Nina.

She met the gaze of Nina.

In iji drime, lo vidis kingo di mare kon iji krone.

In his dream, he saw the king of the seas with his crown.

Awgusto sofas love tem iji.

Augusto knows the love for himself.

Awgusto sofas iji love tem la.

Augusto knows his love to her.

Awgusto sofas lai love tem iji.

Augusto knows her love to herself.

Awgusto sofas lai love tem lo.

Augusto knows her love to him.

Dati kaze avigis la rew venar to iji vitine.

That fact made possible to her to return to her home.

Dati kaze avigis la rew venar tem luyi vitine.

That fact made possible to her to return to theirs home.

Dati kaze avigis la rew venar tem vitine di altruy.

That fact made possible to her to return to others home.

Olga konsas baw mire di Marko tem iji.

Olga is aware of admiration of Marco to himself.

Olga konsas baw mire di Marko tem la.

Olga is aware of admiration of Marco to her.

Pama petis tem iji pamido, klosar iji buxe.

The mother asked her son, to close his mouth.

Pama petis lai pamido kloses iji buxe.

The mother asked her son, to close herself mouth.

Pamo kawis, tem iji pamido, klose di loi kare.

Pamo kawis, tem iji pamido, klosar loi kare.

Pamo kawis, tem iji pamido, kloses loi kare.

The father asked his son to close his car.

(The father’s own car).

Ana elpis Iracema in klinige kay ripre di iji vestey.

Ana helped Iracema on cleaning and repair of his clothes.

Ana elpis Iracema klinar kay riprar iji vestey.

Ana helped Iracema to clean and repair their clothes.

Compare the expressions above to the following:

Ana pagis tem Iracema par klinige di lai vestey.

Ana has paid the Iracema for the cleaning of her clothes.

Lovar iji pama natas.

To love own mother it is natural.

Natas love tem iji pama.

It is natural love for own mother.

6.6.1.1. Pamo naw sewigas lo pravawar.
The father does not allow to lie.

6.6.1.2. Pamo naw sewigas, tem lo, pravawar.
The father does not allow, to him, to lie.

Remark that lo (he) suffers from the action of the verb sewigas but, at the same time, it is the subject of pravawar.

Alternative 2 says the same without employing oblique pronoun.

In English and other languages, the use of the relative pronoun that is very usual. In Fasile21, it is not always necessary to use it.

= 7. Verbs =

It is the word that, essential to the sentence, represents the action in time (as to run and to sing, the phenomena (as to rain and to cold), states (as to be), or change (as to become and to rest).

La belas.

She is beautiful.

Linge bonas.

The language is good.

Subjects and conjugation

Let us remember that in English the verb varies according to subject, as in "I love, she loves". In Fasile21 there is no variation. The subject of the sentence, or source of action, it is always indicated by the personal pronoun itself, as "ju lovas, la lovas".

Verbal tenses

As ane / Present

Pronoun + verb stem + as

Ju vitas, I live

Vu vitas, you live

Lu, lo, la, le vitas, he / she (unspecific or both genres), he, she, it lives

Juy vitas, we live

Vuy vitas, you live

Luy, loy, lay, ley vitas, they (neuter), they (masculine), they (feminine), they (inanimate), live

Is ane / Past

Past tenses

Pronoun + verb stem + is

Ju vitas, I live

Vu vitas, you live

Lu, lo, la, le vitas, he / she (unspecific or both genres), he, she, it lives

Juy vitas, we live

Vuy vitas, you live

Luy, loy, lay, ley vitas, they (neuter), they (masculine), they (feminine), they (inanimate), live

Os ane / Future

Pronoun + verb stem + os.

Ju vitas, I live

Vu vitas, you live

Lu, lo, la, le vitas, he / she (unspecific or both genres), he, she, it lives

Juy vitas, we live

Vuy vitas, you live

Luy, loy, lay, ley vitas, they (neuter), they (masculine), they (feminine), they (inanimate), live

Verbi Ele / Verbal Mood

Ar ane / Infinitive

Pronoun + verb stem + ar

Ju vitar, I to live

Vu vitar, you to live

Lu, lo, la, le vitar, he / she (unspecific or both genres), he, she, it to live

Juy vitar, we to live

Vuy vitar, you to live

Luy, loy, lay, ley vitar, they (neuter), they (masculine), they (feminine), they (inanimate), to live

Es ane / Jussive

Pronoun + verb stem + es

Ju vites, I live

Vu vites, you live

Lu, lo, la, le vites, he / she (unspecific or both genres), he, she, it lives

Juy vites, we live

Vuy vites, you live

Luy, loy, lay, ley vites, they (neuter), they (masculine), they (feminine), they (inanimate), live

Kondi ane / Conditional

Pronoun + verb stem + us

Ju vitus, I live

Vu vitus, you live

Lu, lo, la, le vitus, he / she (unspecific or both genres), he, she, it lives

Juy vitus, we live

Vuy vitus, you live

Luy, loy, lay, ley vitus, they (neuter), they (masculine), they (feminine), they (inanimate), live

--

Extended, not "universals" constructions

Isasis ane

Past Tense imperfect

Pronoun + verb stem + asis

vitasis

Ju vites, I (must) live?

Vu vites, you (must) live

Lu, lo, la, le vites, he / she (unspecific or both genres), he, she, it (must) lives

Juy vites, we (must) live

Vuy vites, you (must) live

Luy, loy, lay, ley vites, they (neuter), they (masculine), they (feminine), they (inanimate), (must) live

Isi ane

Past Tense more-than-perfect

Pronoun + verb stem + isi

lived

Ju vites, I live?

Vu vites, you live

Lu, lo, la, le vites, he / she (unspecific or both genres), he, she, it lives

Juy vites, we live

Vuy vites, you live

Luy, loy, lay, ley vites, they (neuter), they (masculine), they (feminine), they (inanimate), live

Subjunctive

Es ane

Present

Ke + pronoun + verb stem + -es

Ke ju vites!

Osis ane

Past Tense imperfect

Pronoun + verb stem + osis

Kaz ju vitosis vivesse

Kaz ane

Future - kaz personal pronoun verb stem ending in -ar.

Kaz + pronoun + verb stem + ar

Kaz ju vitar Se eu viver

Subject + verb stem + object order

Unlike Latin language, that indicates graphically the direct object (as nauta amat naturam: the sailor loves nature), in Fasile21 we adopted a mandatory structure (the most universal order): subject-verb-object, aiming to avoid sound and graphical changes.

Fantu os lernasi. / Fantu lernasos.

The child will be learning.

Iko is kawatidi. / Iko kawatidis.

The scientist was asked.

Using the suffix -es in the sense of the duty verb.

Fantu esos tixatasi.

The child should be learning.

Fantu esos tixatar.

The child should to learn.

Iko esis kawidi.

The scientist should be asked.

Iko esis kawidar.

The scientist should be asked.

For greater clarity and efficiency, we should prefer the simpler forms.

Transitiver

To reduce the expressions and the amount of words, use -ig to make the transitive verb: fors.ar: being strong, fors.ig.ar: strengthen.

Lo beligas la.

He beautifies her.

Vu bonigas linge.

You make good the language.

Verbs in series

Ju volas dal lovar la: I  want to stop loving her.

It is implicit that the first verb used is transitive.

Kaw vu volas sidar? Do you want to sit?

To avoid tortuous building, prefer simple forms: Sides, plis. Sit down, please.

Implied verbs

Verbs can be implied by the context, as:

Ergo tarasi taw ilire.

The worker (is standing or not) in front of the machine.

Pinto sidasi saydin iji pintaje.

The painter (sitting or not) next to his painting.

Ol dormasi. Awton drayvo, trolasi, saydin drayvile.

Everybody is asleep. Except the driver, watching, besides the steering wheel.

Subject and Objects

Subject and verb

Tatiana sidas.

Tatiana sits.

Aleks venas.

Alex comes.

Birdo voldos.

The bird will fly.

Subject, verb and noun

Tatiana as pama.

Tatiana is mother.

Arbu as plantu.

The tree is a plant.

Birdo as nimu.

The bird is animal.

Subject, verb and adjective

Tatiana as migi.

Tatiana is friendly.

Life as grini.

The leaf is green.

Birdo as iti.

The bird is small.

In the current use of language, prefer more effective ways such as: Birdo itas (the bird is small) or Lifu grinas (the sheet is green).

Subject, verb and verb

Alter volas venar.

Alter wants to come.

Birdo avas voldar.

The bird can to fly.

Arbu finos kresar. Arbu dal kresos.

The tree will stop to grow.

Subject, adverb, verb

Aleks migel esas.

Alex must be friendly.

Subject, verb, verb

Lifu avas grinar.

The sheet may be green.

Arbu avas altar.

The tree has the possibility to be high.

Aleks esas migar.

Alex must be a friend.

Modalities of Subject

Noun - proper or common

Jesus famas.

Jesus is famous.

Birdu nimas.

The bird is animal.

Pronoun - personal, possessive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, collective, undefined

Lo felsas.

He is happy.

Seti as jui gole.

This is my goal.

Any word used as noun - adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection

Dagosan festos.

Tomorrow there will be a feast.

Nile eglas.

Nothing is equal.

Infinitive - indefinite subject

Palar fasas!

It is easy to talk!

Sofar alfigar travas.

To know to write is appropriate.

Full sentence

Konadas, seti linge travas par esprar ol sentey kay aydey!

It is well known, this language is adequate to express all feelings and ideas!

Mas bonos kaz loy vinsos.

Will be better if they win.

Implicit - elliptical, as in fragments concerning greetings

Boni dage!

Good day!

(I wish a good day to you!)

Boni dagije!

Good morning!

(I wish a good morning to you!)

Inexistent subject, especially when the word indicates natural phenomena.

Pluvas.

It is raining.

Object

Direct Object

In the sentence John sees Mary all people of English language understand that the subject is John and that Mary is the object of the action.

In other words, Mary is seen by John. The reason is that the sentence order normally employed in English is SVO, subject - verb - object, the same adopted by Fasile21.

John vidas Mary.

John sees Mary.

Mary vidas John.

Mary sees John.

La alfatas un zine.

She reads a magazine.

Ju awdis muze.

I listened to the music.

Loy vendis kare.

They sold the car.

Lay volas kantar.

They want to sing.

Juy lovas juyi pama.

We love our mother.

Peter laykas alfigar kartey.

Peter likes to write letters.

La lovas lo.

She loves him.

Indirect Object - Using tem, par and traw

Simple - tem

Jova xowas zine tem lai frato.

The younger shows the magazine to his brother.

To whom the younger shows the magazine? To his brother. So, tem frato is the indirect object, the person to whom it is addressed the verb xowas.

Vendato pagis bukey tem vendo.

The buyer has paid for the books to the seller.

Luy givis sukre tem nimu.

They gave sugar to the animal.

Portes dati juvley tem kinga.

Take those jewels to the queen.

Favoring - par

Karolina pagis bukey par Rikardo.

Carolina paid books for Ricardo.

(In favor of Ricardo, delivering the value to others).

Luy givis idre tem nimu, par ju.

They gave water to the animal, for me.

(The water was channeled to the animal, I favor).

Contrary - traw

Jova alfatas zine traw iji frato.

The young reads a magazine against his brother.

Against whom the young girl is reading the magazine? Against his brother, i.e. traw iji frato is the indirect object.

"Blue" jogiru jogas traw "flave" jogiru. Blui time jogas traw flavi time. Note that both forms are valid.

Verb-Nominal Forms

Infinitive, gerund and participle, for ?joining the nature of noun, adjective or adverb, verb are verb-nominal.

Infinitive

Vendar: to sell, vidar: to see, lovar: to love

When added to a word stem that indicates condition or abstract quality, -ar is a stative verb, as in bonar: be / being good / well, redar: be / being red.

Gerund - verbs ending by -asi

Vendasi: selling

In Fasile21, by logical extension of its structure, there is the ideal gerund in other times in addition to the present, including the imperative.

Participles - Terms essentially adjectives ending in -adi, -edi, -idi, -odi, -idus, etc.

Present - vendadi: is being sold

Past tense - vendidi: sold

Future of present - vendodi: will being sold

Future tense - vendudi: would being sold

Jussive / Imperative - vendedi: be sold

To become gerund and participle to nouns, simply use the appropriate endings: -a, -e, -a, -u.

Endings by -a:

Lovasa: The person who is loving, feminine, on present tense.

Lovisa: The person who was loving, feminine, on past tense.

Lovosa: The person who will be loving, feminine, on future tense.

Lovusa: The person who would be loving, feminine, on conditional mood.

Lovesa: The person who must be loving, feminine, on the jussive mood.

Some examples endings in -o:

Lovado: The person who is being loved, masculine, on present tense.

Lovido: The person who was being loved, masculine, in the past tense.

Lovodo: The person who will be loved, masculine, in the future tense.

Lovudo: The person who would be loved, masculine, in the conditional mood.

Lovedo: The person must be loved, masculine, in the imperative mood.

To "transform into adverbs", both gerunds and participles, simply add the sufix -el to the radical.

Vidasel, juy awdas.

As we see, we hear.

Lasidel il asbo, la felsas.

Abandoned by husband, she is happy.

Kisisel iji pama, Karine ...

Having kissed her mother, Karine ...

Qualified participle

Adjective form

Arbu grafidi ogi.

Tree drawn great.

Arbu grafidi in ogi sayze.

Tree drawn in large size.

Sen vididi, Maria tripis.

Without having been seen, Mary traveled.

In substantive form

Nistro titligis iji pamida.

The minister has appointed his daughter.

Juyi nase nomadas Brasil.

Our country is called Brazil.

Recommendation

Considering that participles indicate action or state, limited in time, and the adjectives denote lasting or permanent quality, we recommend the use of forms ending by -asi, -isi, -osi, and the other ones, replacing the verb to be and the forms ending by -as, -is, -osi, besides others, in replacement of the verb to be, as in belas: is beautiful.

Ravi kanta.

Charming singer.

Ravasi kanta.

Singer charming (at present).

Note the differences:

Alex fotas sidasi jova.

Alex is shooting the sitting young feminine.

Alex, sidasi, awdas jova.

Alex, sitting, hears the young woman.

Active, Passive and Reflexive Voices

In following sentences, all in active voice, the subject, fantu, is the agent of the action indicated by the verb and the effect falls on direct object, bole.

Fantu kipis bole.

The child took the ball.

Fantu naw avis kipar bole.

The child could not catch the ball.

Fantu kipasis bole.

The child was picking up the ball.

Passive

Alternatively, you can express the relationship of cause and effect, producer and product or, even, modifier and modified, using the passive voice, where the subject receives the object of the verb in the following circumstances.

Action

Lo vidadis.

He was seen.

State

La vitas xirkadi il migay.

She lives surrounded by / with friends.

Status change

Lay restis xirkadi il danje.

They rested surrounded by danger.

Motion

Fantu ivasis portidi il pama.

The child would be carried the mother.

Of course only transitive direct verbs - requiring complement without preposition - may have passive voice. In Fasile21 the nouns u and uy in replace singular and plural personal noun:

U vendas florey.

A person sells flowers.

Uy nidas erguy.

Persons need workers of both genres.

Uy vendatis ogon bukey.

We bought many books.

La xowas maje.

She shows the image.

Maje xowadi il la.

The image shown by her.

Tatiana awdas muze.

Tatiana hears music.

Muze awdadas il Tatiana.

The music is heard by Tatiana.

Alex kisos la.

Alex will kiss her.

La kisados il Alex.

She will be kissed by Alex.

Filme vidadas il Karine.

The movie is being seen by Karine.

Reflexive voice

Beyond active and passive voices, occurs in Fasile21 the reflexive voice that, through the basic concept -ij, indicates a change of state of subject, regardless of whether the change is due to the subject himself, or cause, identified or not, in the sentence.

Of course the words ending in -ij can combine with any concepts that the logic and common sense allow.

When the subject and the direct object are the same individual, in relation purely reflexive:

La vundijis.

She hurt herself.

Or in a reciprocal relationship:

Ol uy konijas.

Everyone knows everyone.

Jui asba sanijis.

My wife healed.

Mare kalmijis.

The sea calmed itself.

Karlo xowijis migi.

Karlo shown himself to be friendly.

The reflexive voice may be present in other ways.

Predicate - alone or together with another verb.

Feyse klarijis.

The face itself cleared.

Karey vendijis.

The cars sold themselves.

Predicative-Adjective

Karlo xowijis migi.

Karlo himself shown to be a friend.

Sele bluijis.

The sky became blue.

Predicative-substantive

Irena volis ijar arta. / Irena volis artijar.

Irena wanted to become an artist.

Kreijis forsi enfle.

It created itself a strong influence.

Causal complement

Barke movijas il vente.

The boat moves by the wind.

Juy saytijas al legre.

We get excited us due to joy.

Mood and Moment

Auxiliary verb

English speakers are familiarized with constructions syntactically complex and semantically rich. Illustrates it the auxiliary verb, deeply rooted and enshrined in everyday use and literature.

Here we present the mood and moment, adapted to Fasile21. Your understanding is necessary in order to avoid the ambiguity of the verbs to be and to stay (when representing ideas of existence, location, etc.).

Mood - As the subject perceives the verbal process.

Volition

Ju volel vinsos: I voluntary will win.

Decision

Ju mas volel vinsos: I preferably will win.

Possibility

Ju avel vinsos: I probably will win.

Avas pluvar: It may rain.

Capacity

Kaplas kipar: Can pick up.

Need

Vu nidas lovar mas: You need to love more.

Obligation

Vu esas ergar mas: You must to work more.

Moment - Verbal process.

Start

Genas pluvar: It begins to rain.

Continuity

La ulel vidas. She continually sees.

Repeating

La rew vidas: She sees again.

Cessation

La dal vidas: She no longer sees.

Final

Loy finel palis: They finally spoke.

= 8. Adjectives = The termination -i determines the adjective.

Sun.e: sun. Sun.i: solar

Fors.e: power. Fors.i: strong

Vers.e: universe. Vers.i: universal

Xev.e: hair. Xev.i: capillary

Idr.e: water. Idr.i: aquatic.

Bon.e: goodness. Bon.i: good.

The adjective does not flex concerning gender and number. Independently it is not masculine nor feminine, neither is singular or plural. Very practical and rational, it assumes the noun condition.

Blond.i mano: Blond man.

Blond.i mana: Blond woman.

Blond.i manuy: Blond men and women.

The adjective usually precedes the noun. When necessary, it uses the augmentativ -og suffix or the -it diminutive suffix: Bonogi: very good. Boniti: nice.

In the sense of to have or be characterized by, we may employ the -ab suffix, for example: Bonabi for kind. In the sense of absence or ineffective, it resorts to sen, for example: Sen kromi / Kromeseni = without color, acromat. Salge: salt. Sen salgi / Salgeseni = without salt.

Other examples:

Arbe, tree; arbi, arboreal.

Arbeseni, without trees.

Arbirogi, provided with large (dense) quantity of trees.

Arbiri, provided with average quantity of trees.

Arbiriti, fitted with small (sparse) quantity of trees.

Rede, red

Rediti, pink

Redogi, scarlet

- Specific complements

When the adjective expresses additional quality, temporary, or occasional in relation to the noun, we consider it a specific supplement.

Ju grizigis mure flavi.

I painted by gray the yellow wall.

Ju flavigis mure grizi.

I painted by yellow the gray wall.

Alternatively, use il.

Ju kromigis grizi mure il flave.

I painted the gray wall using yellow.

Lay seltis Mario presdo.

They (feminine) elected Mario president.

They chosen Mario to another office or elected him to the office of president? To avoid ambiguous constructions, we recommend employing clear forms as:

Lay, il selte, presdigis Mario.

They, by election, became Mario's president.

Lay presdigis Mario. Il selte.

They became Mario's president by election.

Alternative: Lay seltis Mario par presdo. They chosed Mario for president.

On the other hand: Lo, el presdo, seltis Mario clearly means: He, as a president, elected Mario.

1. Ley sidris idre boni.

They considered the water good.

2. Ley sidris boni idre.

They considered the good water.

Strictly speaking, the sentence 1 corresponds to evaluated the water as being good, while sentence 2 corresponds to evaluated the good water, i.e. the evaluation probably confirmed quality.

Subtleties

Juy veytos kaz vuy venos.

We are going to wait if you will come.

When we talk about unreal, imaginary, we substitute the preposition el by rol, meaning to present, to pretend.

Uy vidas la rol kinga.

Everyone see her like a queen.

Vu palas rol kingo.

You speak like a king.

Alternatively, we can also use the feature of the verbal form:

Vu palas el kingus.

You speak like you were a king.

The adjective can also be accompanied by verbs or superlatives:

Lay sensijas felsogi.

They (feminine) feel very happy.

La igas ol selfi vite il masi legre.

She makes all herself life with the most of joy.

In addition, it can be accompanied by substantive:

Seti kaze igis nase miridi il artuy kay tixuy.

This fact has become the country admired by artists and teachers.

Perceive the differences in each of the sentences:

Juy vidis un jogasi fantu.

We saw one playing child.

Juy vidis jogasi fantu.

We saw a child playing.

Juy, jogasi, vidis fantu.

We, playing, saw the child.

= 9. Adverbs = By adding -el to the basic concept, we get the adverb of manner. For example: dusi, sweet, dusel, sweetly.

In addition to the adverbs of manner, we have adverbs of time, quantity, place and cause:

awtin, outside

nirawin, far

iton, little

erlan, early

dagasan, today

entin, inside

ix, even

jas, already, even?

jus, newly

kaz, if

kayel, also

kez, almost

min, less

dagosan, tomorrow

naw, no, not

nirin, near

solel, just, only

but, sed

posan, after, then

antan, before

brevan

ogon, very

zajon, too much

dagisan, yesterday

erlawan, late

The adverb modifies ...

The meaning of the verb:

Jovi asba ijis rewan felsi.

The young wife became happy again.

The adjective:

Vitel flavi.

Vitaly yellow.

Bawe tuy palidi.

Subject immediately spoken.

Another adverb:

Lune brilas naytan, erlan.

The moon shines at night, early.

The preposition:

Onkla alfatis karte antan tem iji pamo.

The aunt read the letter before to his father.

Apley sol par vu.

Apples only for you.

The noun:

Kayon bisepamo laykas filmey.

Also the great-grandfather likes movies.

The pronoun:

Sol vu elpas.

Only you help.

Sipel juy vidus.

Mainly we would see.

Hint: Elements for inclusion or exclusion may accompany noun and pronoun, such as: min - sen - naw - kez - al - ix - rol - sol - taw - kay - ij - sip - mas.

Ju laykas tarar duran anoge in urbe, al le as mas boni.

I like to stay a long time in the city, because it is better.

Sen veytel indicates unexpectedly, surprise, while tuy corresponds to immediate, without delay, as soon as possible.

La venos erlan, sen veytel.

She will arrive early, unexpectedly.

Veytes, feste tuy genos.

Wait, the feast will begin immediately.

Combinations

Compound adverbs:

Vores til nidesenel.

Eat until got satisfied.

Lo avas tixar mankesenel.

He can to teach without failure.

Taw tem taw arbuy taras in altri sayde.

Front to front there are trees on the other side.

Such complements clarify the circumstances in which the action occurs, determining time, place, cause, comparison, feature or instrument, subject, company, exclusion, etc.

Let's look at some examples:

Mood

Bis fratay plejivas kire kon kire.

The two sisters wandering hand in hand.

La ivos, tepe pos tepe, tem gole.

She will go, step by step, to the goal.

Determined time

Hote rew venos an Unani mese.

The heat will return in January.

Pama naskis an 27 di Sisani mese di 1917.

The mother was born on June 27, 1917.

Dur ulti Pringe lo kez naw tudis.

During last Spring, he almost did not study.

Frequency

Ju kantas ejan bis dagey.

I sing every two days.

Selte kazas ejan pen mesirey.

The election occurs every five years.

Ejan trin vikey pluvis.

It rained every three weeks.

Ejan for dagey ju alfatas kon jui pamo.

Every four days, I read with my father.

Occurrence and repetition

Ju palis sis vesey.

I spoke six times.

Jui frato vidis dati filme trin vesey.

My brother saw that film three times.

Loy rew awdis for vesey.

They listened again four times.

Onogi vesey.

Many times.

Dati ultan vesis.

That was the last time.

La kisis ju sol un vesan.

She kissed me only once.

Duration

Lo vaxis le duran sev nutey.

He washed it for seven minutes.

La awtisi duran naf mesey.

She was missing for nine months.

Ju dormis duran ol nayte.

I slept throughout the night.

Motion

To indicate movement within, we use the preposition in. To indicate toward movement, we employ tem, and to represent through, we use tran.

Fantuy rapivas in jarde.

The children run in the garden.

Fantuy rapivas tem jarde.

The children run to the garden.

Fantuy rapivas tran jarde.

The children run through the garden.

Movements before, behind, until, for which we use taw, bak and til:

Dogito rapivis tawin Alter.

The puppy ran before Alter.

Dogito rapivis bakin Alter.

The puppy ran behind Alter.

Dogito rapivis tilin Alter.

The puppy ran up to Alter.

Measures of quantity, length, width, height, depth, distance, weight, price, value:

Rume longas trin metrey kay dekebis metri xenuney.

The room has a length of three meters and twelve centimeters.

Ivine larjas sisedek metrey.

The path has a width of sixty meters.

Foste altas dekebis metrey.

Pole is twelve meters high.

Howle fundas for metrey kay bisune.

The hole has a depth of four meters and a half.

Vui awze distas un metremile ril jui barke.

Your house is just a mile from my boat.

Beyba pezas ok kramemiley.

The baby weighs eight kilograms.

Serve kostos mil uney.

The service will cost one thousand units.

Seti ringe valdas ogon.

This ring is worth much.

Relations

Cause - al

Flage tremumas al vente.

The flag shakes due to the wind.

Al vente movijis flage.

Because of the wind moved the flag.

Al ziley, naw al mesirey, blankijas xevey.

Due to the care, not by years, whiten the hair.

Sanawu tremasis al febre.

The patient was trembling due to fever.

Ol persuy saytijas al legre.

All people excite because of joy.

Vene al gravi bleme.

Coming due to the important issue.

Comparison - mas, min

Pawlo mas altas intel jogoy.

Paul is the highest of the players.

Pawla min rapas intel jogay.

Paula is the less rapid from feminine players.

Alter mas jovas intel fratoy.

Alter is the youngest of the brothers.

Ril ol iji migoy, Gregorio min alfatas.

In relation to its friends, Gregorio reads less.

Seti jovita mas klivas ril lerniru.

This little girl is the most intelligent of the class.

Intel kirey, goxi min forsas.

The hands, the left is less strong.

Mood

Juy marxos sayde xes sayde.

We are going to march side by side.

Kon xape in kire ju veytos.

With the hat in hand I will wait.

Luy, kon sayte, awdis ju.

They, with excitement, heard me.

Means or instrument - il

Migi persuy kalmigis lo il muze.

The friendly people got calmed him through music.

Karte ivas il kare.

The letter follows by car.

Klawdia kay Marfa tripos il base.

Claudia and Marfa will travel by bus.

Subject - baw

Seti buke baw boni kalige.

This book about good qualification.

Juy konepalis baw bisne.

We talked about business.

Baw date ju naw avas palar.

On that I cannot speak.

Company - kon

Marcelo asbijis kon Danuta.

Marcelo married Danuta.

Muzisto venis kon iji dogo.

The musician came with his dog.

Juy festes kon jui migoy.

We shall be celebrating with my friends.

Inclusion - maon

Maon Karlo, kez nilu kon elpis.

Including Karlo, almost nobody has collaborated.

Maon masi belar, la masi simpas.

In addition to being the most beautiful, she is the most friendly.

Exclusion - sen and awt

Sen elpe, loy fobos.

Without help, they will feel fear.

Menja venis sen iji keto.

The manageress came without her cat.

Juy festos sen jui migoy.

We shall be celebrating without my friends.

Joakim veytis sen vorar.

Joachim waited without eating.

Juy kipis ol bukey, awtel trin.

We got all the books, except three.

La xuzas venkar ol jovay, awtel Cinderela.

She chose to win all young people, except Cinderella.

Replacement - ed

Juy mas volas hone tedel sukre.

We prefer honey instead of sugar.

Bonas bevar suke di frute tedel kafe.

It is well to take fruit juice instead of coffee.

La vendis sis tedel pen!

She sold six instead of five!

Tedel mokar, erges. Plis!

Instead of ridiculing, work. Please!

Distribution - ir, don

Eji persu bevis trin litrey don bire.

Each person drank three litter of beer.

Lay ivis irel dek.

They went in groups of ten.

Seti taske nidas dekefor ergi horey. Kazel vu ergos sev horey ejan dage, bis dagey sufos.

This job requires fourteen hours of work. If you work seven hours a day, two days will be sufficient.

= 10. Prepositions =

Note: Some prepositions are also adverbs.

ap: on (without contact)

awt: outside

bak: behind

din: from

in: in

par: for, in favor of

il: through, by means of

int: between, inter

kon: with

law: according to

mezin: in the middle

pos: after

sen: whitout

sub: under, below

sor: on (in contact)

taw: before

til: up to, until

tran: through

trans: transpose (without contact)

tem: to

saydin: beside

xes: at, along the

xirk: around

Placing in Space

To designate movement, we can join prepositions of orientation, as preposition + in.

Apin: upwards

Subin: down

Goxin: left of

Destrin: right of

Intin: between, inter

Mezin: in the middle of

Bakin: back

Nirin: close to, near

Awtin: out of

Xirkin: for the round of

Xesin: at

Saydin: side

Konin: with, company, together

Nirawin: away from

Entin: into

To indicate origin or movement, we can use the preposition din.

Din ape: from top

Din sube: from under

Din goxe:  from left

Din destre:  from right

Din ente:  from inside

Din inte:  from between

Din meze: from among

Din bake:  from back

Din nire:  from near

Din awte:  from out

Din xirke:  from around

Din xese: from at

Din sayde:  from side

Din kone:  from with

Din nirawe:  from far

Permanence or movement in the same space.

Jui pamo kay pama vitis in Lajeado.

My parents lived in Lajeado.

In bixe lay vidis barke.

On the beach, they saw the boat.

Jovitay jogasi in jarde.

The girls playing in the garden.

Un insu entis in botle.

An insect entered the bottle.

At: xes.

Le adras xesin Vinse trite.

It is located at Victory Street.

Juy palas xes dore.

We talk at the door.

Luy taris xes table.

They remained at the table.

Next: sayd.

Pamidito laykas tarar saydin pama.

The little son likes to be next to the mother.

Nubey flotas saydin montoge.

The clouds float beside the mountain.

Venes tem jui sayde.

Come to my side.

Between, inter: int.

Taras un arbu intin blui awze kay grini awze.

There is a tree between the blue house and the green house.

Intin beli majey pendas altri, mas beli.

Between fine paintings, hangs other, more beautiful.

Juy vitas intin for murey.

We live between four walls.

La ivis tem meze di lai migay.

She had gone to the middle of her friends.

Through: tran.

Lume ivas tran vindi vitre.

The light passes through the glass pane of the window.

Ju tripas tran tresigi rejey.

I travel through attractive regions.

Around: xirk.

Lune flotas xirkin Munde.

The moon floats around the Earth.

Miguy taras xirkin ju.

The friends are around me.

Until: til.

Juy ivos din Paris til Tokio.

We will go from Paris until Tokyo.

Ogon rivey fluas til mare.

Many rivers flow until sea.

Out: awtin.

Loi ketita saltis awtin.

His kitten jumped out.

Alex awtivos din awze.

Alex will leave home.

Before, front: taw.

Un blanki mure taw awze.

A white wall in front of the house.

Birdo voldivis taw loi tete.

The bird flew in front of his forehead.

Hotle taras tawin jarde.

The hotel is in front of the garden.

Behind: bak.

Alter kay Aleks sidis bakin loyi onklo.

Alter and Alex sat behind theirs uncle.

Elfuy futivas bakin altru.

The elephants go one behind the other.

On: sor.

Bukey kay ziney taras sorin table.

The books and magazines are on the table.

Seyle "Idradi" is more beautiful sorin taydey.

The sailboat "Wet" is more beautiful on the waves.

Above: ap.

Apin table pendas bis lumiley.

Above the table are hanging two lamps.

Birdiru voldis apin awze.

The flock flew over the house.

Under: sub.

Keta kuxasi subin table.

The cat is lying under the table.

Ketuy rapivas sub farnire.

The cats are running under the furniture.

Left and right: goxe kay destre.

Dogo ivas goxin horso.

The dog goes to the left of the horse.

Dogo ivas destrin urso.

The dog goes to the right of the bear.

After: pos.

Posin arbu, ives goxin.

After the tree, go to the left.

Posin arbu, ives destrin.

After the tree, go to the right.

According to as: law.

Trayne movijas law feri ivine.

The train moves according to the rail.

Urbuy ates law leje.

The citizens must act according to the law.

Near: nir.

Un konfri ombre nirin arbu.

A comfortable shade next to tree.

Vuy venes nirin juy.

Come to us.

Trans: trans.

Trans dati isle vu trovos altri, mas beli.

Trans that island, you will find another, more beautiful.

Juy konel transivos seti monte.

Together we will transpose this mountain.

From: din.

La ivos din São Paulo til Rio de Janeiro.

She is going from Sao Paulo to Rio de Janeiro.

Jova saltis din horso.

The young woman jumped from the horse.

Luy kipis idre din rive.

They took water from the river.

For: par; on: sor; in iji: in itself; saydin: at side, next and others.

Un grenite di sande falis sorin jui vidore.

A sand grain fell under my eye.

Lo metis un aje in iji poxe.

He put a thing in his pocket.

Jui pamida vistos jui frata.

My daughter will to visit my sister.

Venes saydin ju.

Come to my side.

Loy ivis tem meze di migawoy.

They were in the midst of enemies.

Bole lansidis tem meze di siray.

The ball was released in the middle of the ladies.

Tixa pendigis beligaje xirkin kolne.

The teacher hung an adornment around the column.

Buke falis subin rodey di trayne.

The book fell under the wheels of the train.

An bisani dage juy venis tem mare.

On the second day we came to the sea.

Jovawuy dal ivas tem tixine.

The old men no longer go to school.

"Vu sol avas vidar til tope di vui flarore".

You can only see up to the tip of your nose.

Situating in Time

Indefinite times, xesan, an, tilan.

Filme finos xesan sevani hore.

The film will end up to seven o'clock.

Kaw an avle awtivos?

What time does the plane leave?

Kawan vu avlijos?

When will you embark on the air plane?

An dagije Sune apros.

At dawn the sun is going to appear.

Tixate duros til Dekani mese.

The learning will last until November.

Aros tixe til dagosan.

There will be teaching until tomorrow.

Aros tixe til dagasan.

There will be teaching until today.

Ane mas travi.

A more appropriate time.

An dati dage ju sofis vu.

That day I knew you.

An isi mesire.

In the past year.

An venosi mesire.

In the coming year.

An dagije la sen veyte venos.

At dawn, she unexpectedly came.

Dagijan.

In the morning.

Approximate times: xesan, niran, intans

Xasidi xesan ige.

Caught at action.

Ju voras xesan dagemeze.

I eat on every midle of the day.

Juy dal ergis xesan suneaprije.

We stopped working for sunrise.

Niran sevani hore dal ventis.

Approximately at seven o'clock stop winding.

Venes tem jui awze intan deke for kay bisedek trin hore.

Come to my house between fourteen and twenty-three hours.

Time period.

Ju razijas ejan bisi dage.

I shave myself every second day.

Selte kazas ejan pen mesirey.

The election occurs every five years.

Ejan trin vikey pluvis.

Every three weeks it rained.

Ejan forani naytije jo alfatas kon jui pamo.

On each fourth nightfall, I read with my father.

Duration of action of the object: par.

Juy awtivos par olan.

We will depart for ever.

Lo abas idre par trin mesirey.

He has water for three years.

Action beginning: dan.

Erga kupasi dan dagije.

The worker is busy since the morning.

Dan sev vikey naw pluvas.

Since seven weeks does not rain.

Dan setan ju dal pagos vu.

Henceforth I no more will pay you.

Dan setan ju pagos mason tem vu.

Henceforth I will pay more to you.

Until: til.

Lo kupasi dan dagije tilan vespre.

He is busy from morning until night.

Pluvos tilan dagosan.

It will be raining until tomorrow.

Ju memos vui elpe til jui dalevite.

I am going to remember your help until my death.

Ju naw dal memos vui elpule elpe tilan jui dalevite.

I will not to forget your permanent help until my death.

Before: antan.

Pages ju antan mesirefine, plis!

Pay me before the end of the year, please!

Antan sis vikey, la naskos.

Before six weeks, she will be born.

Antan trin mesirey dal vitis birdo.

Before three years died the bird.

Veytes par antevidar!

Expect to predict!

After: posan.

Posan dagije venos Sune.

After morning the sun will come.

La finis posan ok horey.

She ended after eight hours.

Posan ogon mesirey.

After many years.

Feste genos posan vorare.

The feast starts after eating.

= 11. Conjunctions =

They connect almost every word, establishing coordination between terms.

Dur: while; kaz: if, chance.

El: as (also preposition)

Al: because (also adverb)

Ix: even, until

Sed: but

Ow: or

Ril: of that, in relation to, than

Tam: so

Kay: and

Coordinating

Nouns

Love kay mige.

Love and friendship.

Pronouns

La kay lo.

She and he.

Adjectives

Ravi kay beli pama.

Charming and beautiful mother.

Verbs

Dansar kay kantar.

To dance and to sing.

Adverbs

Klevel kay artel.

Intelligently and artistically.

Coordinating sentences

Synergistic conjunctions connect sentences of same nature or terms of same function.

Additive

Vendo xowas kay vendato xuzas.

The seller shows and the buyer choose.

Adversatives

Luy zajon ergas, sed ogon legras.

They work too much, but are very cheerful.

Alternatives

Ow juy jogos ow juy xeymos.

Or we play or we feel ashamed.

Conclusive

Kante belas, tam persuy laykas le.

The song is beautiful, so people like it.

Explanatory

Lo rixis al lote.

He enriched by luck.

Subordinated sentences

Conjunctions link two interdependent sentences, determining or completing the sense.

Integrative

Ol persuy mas volas vu kantes.

All people prefer that you sing.

Causal

La rew venis al nidas.

She returned because needs.

Comparative

Tatiana mas belas ril iji frata.

Tatiana is more beautiful than her sister.

Concessive

Graw ol, juy vinsos!

In spite of everything, we will win!

Conditional

Kaz juy povos, juy ivos.

If we can, we will.

Conformative

Luy jogas law tixatis.

They play as they learned.

Consecutive

Ju tixos sen lai sofe.

I will teach without her knowledge.

Final

Ol juy faytos par abigar fini vinse.

All of us will fight for to obtain the final victory.

Proportional

Ju susas law ju klopas.

I have success according to as stretch.

Temporal

Duran juy sanos juy vitulos.

As long as we are healthy we live continuously.

= 12. Interjections = One or more words, usually not thought, who express sudden feelings and ideas of emotional nature.

Ha! Ah!

Hay! Hi!

Ho! Oh!

Ba! Bah!

Godu! God!

Salve! Save!

Pal! Hello!

Awtin! Outside!

Silte! Silence!

Xit! Shit!

Ha! Ha! Ha! Laughs

Uf! Uf!

He! Let's go! Stir!

Hum! Annoyance

Eys! Here it is!

Nu! Sorry!

= 13. Antonym / Complement =

It saves us a lot of time for memorization!

Except for a few nouns considered special, such as pamo and pama, that mean father and mother, when the logic allows, nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs accept the suffix -aw to become their antonyms.

Bearing in mind the principle that the success of Fasile21 depends mainly on the simplicity of its grammar and economy of words, this feature is extremely important.

Noun

Love: love; lovawe: hatred

Adjective

Klari: clear, klarawi: dark

Verb

Lovar: to love, lovawar: to hate

Adverb

Fasel: easily, fasawel: difficulty

In order to avoid using words too long and misunderstandings when spoken in precarious conditions of hearing - especially in emergency situations, such as distress or alarm - we have created a set of concepts with radical change, as egli-eglawi, boni-bonawi, ope-opawe, with pairs of antonyms markedly differentiated.

In the case of simple oppositions, where only affirms or denies, as alive / dead, odor / odorless, we can use viti: alive, viteseni: lifeless, dead; flare: odor, flareseni: odorless (no smell).

Of course, the opposition may submit gradation from the lower to the higher degree, as in:

Very weak: ogon forsawi

Weak: forsawi

Normal: normi

Strong: forsi

Fortissimo: forsogi

Very strong: ogon forsi

Some frequent antonyms

Boni / bonawi

Good / bad

Jovi / jovawi

Young / elderly

Novi / novawi

New / old

Beli / belawi

Beautiful / ugly

Mas boni / mas bonawi

Best / worst

Opi / opawi

Open / closed

Serti / sertawi

Right / wrong

Ogi / iti

Large / small

Rapi / rapawi

Fast / slow

Erli / erlawi

Early / late

Kostogi / kostiti

Very expensive / cheap

Niri / nirawi

Near / far

Hoti / hotawi

Hot / cold

Fuli / fulawi

Full / empty

Fasi / fasawi

Easy / difficult

Pezi / pezawi

Heavy / light

= 14. Unani alfatey : Difey =

Difey

Vorde: Givar

Dife: Naw ol persuy avas igar seti fasawi erge.

Vorde: Asbije

Dife: Ridigi role. Kuman finas el tragerole.

Vorde:Ju

Dife: Awton ju nile zitas in oli munde.

Ju avas ole, ju nidas ole.

Par ju ole as permadi kay ju nomas ju!

Vorde: Vere

Dife: Vorde ilavi par altruy sed nawel par iju.

Vorde: Sekre

Dife: Manay disel givas le, una tem altra.

Vorde: Munde

Dife: Dormerume par ol vituy.

Definitions

Word: To give

Definition: Not everyone can do this difficult job.

Word: Marriage

Definition: Ridiculous theater. Usually ends as tragedy.

Word: I and me

Definition: Besides me nothing exists around the world.

I have everything. I need everything.

For me, everything is allowed and I call me!

Word: True

Definition: Useful word to others but not to me.

Word: Secret

Definition: The women spread it one to another.

Word: World

Definition: A bedroom for all living beings.

= 15. Duani alfatey : Danje! =

Danje!

Fobumo, antan entivar in avle, tatis brase di avleservista kay kawis tem la:

- Sirita, plisel kawates tem ju! Kaw seti tipe di avley rewan krasas?

- Nawel! La fidel kawatis.

Tripo kalmijis, sed sirita finigis kawate:

- Seti avley olan krasas sol une vesan!

Danger!

The fearful, before entering the plane, touched the arm of the Commissioner and asked her:

- Miss, please answer me! This type of plane crashes often?

- Negatively! She truthfully answered.

The traveller calmed down, but the Commissioner concluded the answer:

- These planes always are injured only once!

= 16. Triani alfatey : Intevide =

Intevide

Un jovo volas abigar un emple kay konetatas intevidista seltigasi zari viluy.

La kawis tem jovo:

- Kawi emple vu volas?

- Ju volas ijar presdo di seti preze. Jovo kawatis.

- Kaw vu frenzas? Palis intevidista.

- Naw! Kaw frenze kayon nididas!?

The Interview

A young man wants to get a job and contact the interviewer selecting some suitors.

She asks the young man:

- What job do you want?

- I want to become president of this company! The young man replied.

- Are you crazy? It said the interviewer.

- No! Is it madness also necessary?

= 17. Forani alfatey : Tore di Bable =

Tore di Bable

1. Kay oli rejire abis soli linge kay simi vordey.

2. Kay an publu, ivasi tem Leste, trovis flati rege in Ximar, kay genis vitar datin.

3. Kay luy intel palis:

Juy genes! Juy iges brikey kay kokes ley il fayre. Luy usis brikey el roke kay trare el gluigaje.

4. Kay luy palis: Juy genes! Juy igos par juy un urbe kay un tori tope til sele! Kay juy iges fami title par juy, gol juy naw es disigidi trans oli feyse di rejire!

5. Kay Godo ivis subin par vidar urbe kay tore konstradi il publu.

6. Posan Godo palis:

Eys! Luy unepublas kay unelingas, kay luy genas igar sete! Setan, avijos ole ke luy volos igar!

7. Juy ives! Juy subives kay juy konfiges luyi linge gol eju naw prenos altru!

8. Kordel Godo disigis luy trans oli feyse di Tere, kay law grade luy dal igis urbe.

9. Al sete le nomas Bable, al Godo datin konfigis linge di ol rejire, kay dan Godo disigis

puble trans oli feyse di rejire.

Tower of Babel

(Ancient version)

1 And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.

2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there.

3 And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar.

4 And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.

5 And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men built.

6 And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.

7 Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech.

8 So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city.

9 Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.

= 18. Penani alfatey : Juyi Pamo =

Juyi Pamo

Juiy Pamo ari in sele: santedis vui nome. Vui kinge venes tem juy.

Lawijes vui vole, in tere el in sele.

Gives pane di eji dage tem juy. Dal kulpes fensey din juy el juy dalkulpas datuy fensigi juy.

Naw sewiges juy falos xes pekige, sed protes juy ril bonawe.

Setel ijes!

Lord's Prayer / Pater Noster

Our Father in heaven hallowed be your name.

Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth, as it is in heaven.

Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors.

And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.

= 19. Sisani alfatey: Norti Vente kay Sune =

Norti Vente kay Sune argasis kawe as mas forsi, an tripo venis volvidi il hoti mantle.

Ley kordis ke date unan susos igar tripo dal vestar loi mantle sidrides mas forsi ril altre.

Tam Norti Vente genis blovar forsel law le povis, sed mason le blovis, mason tripo nirefoldis loi mantle sirkel ije; kay finan Norti Vente dal volis trayar.

Tam Sune brilis hotel, kaj tuy tripo dal vestis mantle.

Kay setel Norti Vente esis fesar: Sune mas forsas intel ley.

The North Wind and the Sun

The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveller came along wrapped in a warm cloak.

They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveller take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other.

Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveller fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt.

Then the Sun shined out warmly. And immediately the traveller took off last cloak.

And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.

____________________________________________________________________________

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Fasile21 Pre-Advanced Course

Fasile21 Vocabulary

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Fasile21 Vocabulary

abar: have

abigar: obtain, acquire

adre: address

age: act, deed

agine: agency

agumar: stir, agitate

agume: activity, bustle, ado

al: because of, due to

ale: cause

alfatar: read

alfigar: write

alfire: alphabet

algu: kelp (orders Laminariales and Fucales)

alje: pain

aljigar: injure, damage, harm

alke: alcohol

alkli: alkaline

alse: neck

alsetaye: necktie

alseveste: collar

altawi: low, short

alte: height

alti: high, tall

altrexane: replacement

altri: other, another

ambe: environment, surroundings, context

ane: time

angle: angle

anile: clock

anite: moment, an instant

anju, anja: angel, fairy

ansu: insect

antan: before, in front of, ahead of (spatially)

antani: prior, preceding, previous

antemajar: suppose, presume

anune: period, era, epoch

anxe: worry, anxiety

apeplafe: attic, garret

apigile: elevator {British: lift}

apin: above, over

apin: up

ar: be

arbaru: forest

arbitu: bush, shrub

arbu: tree

are / ate: conduct, behavior

arite: group

arje: silver

arte: art

arxe: arch

asba: wife

asbije: marriage

asbo: husband

asdi: acidic

asdumi: sour

ase: fact

asno: donkey, ass (Equus asinus)

atawi: absent

ati: present

atrar: attract

avan: eventually

avar: can

avar: can

avel: maybe, perhaps, possibly

avi: possible

avle: airplane, aircraft

awidi: inverted

awre: gold

awtel: except for

awtepole: positive

awti: outer, exterior, external

awtigar: remove, subtract, delete

awtini: absent

awtivar: leave+F54

awtre: authority

awve: oat (genus Avena)

awze: house

awzekovre: roof

ayde: idea, concept

ayre: air

ayresene: vacuum

ayse: ice

aysigar: freeze

bakan: backward

bake: back

bakin: back (to previous place / condition)

bakin: behind, in back of, to the rear of

bakune: rear, back part of

balnu: whale (order Cetacea)

bambu: bamboo (genera Bambusa)

bangile: fire gun

banile: shower

banke: bank (monetary institution)

barbe: beard

barbekutile: razor

barke: ship

barkine: port

base: bus

baske: basket

baskebole: basketball

baste: club, cudgel

batile: bat, stick, racket/racquet

batile: hammer

batre: butter

baw: about

bawe: subject, topic of discussion

baye: bay

bayke: bicycle

baze: basis, foundation

bazebole: baseball

belawi: ugly

beli: beautiful

belige: ornament, decoration

beligile: garment

belte: belt

bere: berry

bevar: drink

beybu: baby, infant

beykar: bake

beyte: object

biltite: ticket, coupon

bime: ray

bine: bean (genus Phaseolus or similar)

birdu: bird

bire: beer

bis: 2, two [num]

bisekutile: scissors

bisne: business, commerce

bisune: half (1/2) [num]

bixe: beach, shore

blanki: white

blanse: balance, equilibrium

blatu: cockroach (order Blattaria)

blesar: bless

bleyde: blade

blobe: lump, clod, blob

bloke: block

blovar: blow

blude: blood

blui: blue

blunti: dull, blunt

bolar: roll

boldigar: emphasize, accentuate

bole: ball

bombe: bomb

bonawi: bad

boni: good

borbu: butterfly

borile: drill

botle: bottle

bova / bovo: cow / bull

bowile: spoon

bowle: bowl

bowte: boat

boylar: boil

branxe: branch

brase: arm

brayse: cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata)

brike: brick (hard clay block)

brilar: shine

brosile: brush

brumile: broom

bruni: brown

buke: book

bukine: library

bulite: bullet

bumpe: bump, protrusion

bundle: bundle

burnar: burn

bute: knob

buxe: mouth

dagasan: today

dage: day (24-hour period)

dagemide: noon

dagije: morning

dagisan: yesterday

dagosan: tomorrow

dal abar: lose (cease having; contra-acquire)

dal ayrar: drown (die/kill via immersion)

dal givatar: reject, refuse (contra-accept)

dal golar: turn, divert (in a different direction)

dal kazigar: prevent (keep from happening)

dal kipar: release

dal konar: repel

dal kulpar: forgive

dal layke: disappointment

dal memar: forget (contra-remember)

dal riste: submission, surrender

dal soldar: dissolve

dal vitar: die

dal viti: dead

dal vitigar: kill

dal volar: resign

dalar: cease, stop doing, quit

daligar: restrain, inhibit, hold back

dalile: brake

danje: danger

dansar: dance

daste: dust

date: that (demonstrative)

datin: there

datru: dates (Phoenix dactylifera)

dek: 10, ten [num]

delki: fragile, delicate

delzar: slide, slip, glide

den: of (owned by; belonging to)

denar: own

dense: density

densogi: very dense

depar: depend on

depawi: independent

derme: skin

desar: decide

destri: right(-hand)

detle: detail

deyu: mantis (order Manteodea)

dife: meaning

difire: dictionary

digajey: intestines, gut(s), viscera

dige: digestion

digore: stomach

dikawi: thin, slender

dikawi fingre: thumb

dikemeze: thickness

diki: fat

din: from, out of, away from

dipe: depth

dipi: deep, profound

dire: direction (orientation of motion)

disar: spread

diske: disk, disc

dispar: compete, strive, vie

diste: distance

divar: divide

divige: atribution, sharing

dixe: dish (any shallow concave container)

dogo: dog (Canis familiaris)

doke: document

doki segrige: contractual protection

dole: doll

dolti: mature, adult

don: of (containing the measured quantity)

dore: door

dormar: sleep

dormawi: alert, awake

dormefarne: bed

dornu: swallow

dowme: dome

drako: dragon

drenile: drain

drime: dream

dronar: sink

drume: drum

dube: doubt

duran: during

dure: duration

dusi: sweet

eglaw: differently

eglawi: different

eglawigar: distinguish, differentiate

egli: equal

eji: every, each

el: like, similar to

elme: element

elme: nitrogen

elme: oxygen

elme: potassium

elme: sodium

elme: sulfur

elpar: help, assist, aid

elpawile: barrier, obstacle

elpi: auxiliary

embo: ambassador

emple: job, employment

engre: gear (toothed wheel)

entar: enter, go into

enti: inner, internal, interior

enve: envy, jealousy

erge: work, effort, labor, toil

erlawi: late, tardy [aj/av]

espar: expect, anticipate

esve: sword

ewtar: avoid

eyde: issue, edition (of periodical etc.)

fabrine: factory

fami: famous

fani: funny, comical

fantu: child

farme: farm

farnire: furniture

fasawe: trouble, difficulty

fasawi: difficult, hard

fasi: easy

favige: campaign

faylar: fail

fayre: fire

fayrefarne: fireplace, hearth

fayridi: flared

faytar: fight, combat

fekey: feces, dung, excrement

fekore: anus

felsawine: hell

felsi: happy

felsine: heaven, celestial realm, Valhala etc.

fere: iron

ferti: fertile

fesar: confess

festar: celebrate, rejoice

fetu: fetus (foetus), embryo

fevre: fever

feyse: surface

fidar: trust

figu: fig genus Ficus)

filde: field

filme: film (very thin layer)

filme / artefilme: movie, motion picture

finar: finish

fingre: finger

finjar: pretend

firmigar: -

fisi: official

fisine: office

fiski zersike: gymnastics

fiste: wrist

fitre: feather

fixu: fish

flage: flag, banner

flare: smell, odor, aroma

flarore: nose

flase: swelling, inflation

flati: plane (flat surface)

flavi: yellow

flaxu: flax

flesi: flexible

flore: flower

flotar: float

flotivar: navigate

flowre: flour

flude: flood, deluge

fobar: fear (be afraid of)

foldar: fold

foldidi: bent

foldile: hinge

fonake: noise

fonatar: hear

fonawi alfe: consonant (non-vowel)

fone: sound

foni alfe: vowel

fonore: ear

fonte: source, origin

for: four [num]

foreangle: rectangle

formavi: soft, malleable

forme: form, shape

forse: force

forse: power

foste: post

fote: photograph

foymu: ant

frata: sister

fraze: sentence (of words)

frazike: grammar

frazire: article, essay

frekan: frequently, often

freke: frequency

frenzi: insane, crazy, mad

frexi: cool

freyme: frame

frogu: frog

frugi: frugal, thrifty

frunte: forehead

frute: fruit

fujar: escape, flee from

fulawi: empty

fuli: full, filled

fuli: whole, entire, complete

fulme: lightning

fulxi: foolish

fumetube: chimney

fumeveju: tobacco (sp. Nicotiana tabacum)

fumile: cigarette

fundawi: shallow (of little depth)

funde: bottom

funke: role (an individual's function)

fute: foot

futebake: heel

futebatar: kick

futebole: football

futefingre: toe

futeveste: sock, hose, stocking

futile: pedal

fuyle: fuel

gardar: guard, monitor, watch over

garlu: garlic (Allium sativum)

gase: gas

gaystu: ghost

genar: begin, commence, start

gesar: guess, conjecture

geste: gesture

geyne: knee

gibre: ginger (genus Zingiber)

gile: clay

girar: spin

gistre: record (a cache of information)

gitre: guitar

givar: give

givatar: accept

godo: god

gole: aim

goline: destination

gorje: throat

gostu: lobster

gove: government

govepage: tax

govine: province, prefecture, state

goxin: left(-hand)

goytu: cotton (Gossypium)

grablawi: boring, tedious

grade: degree

gradi: gradual

grampe: staple

grasar: thank

grasi: grateful, thankful

gravi: important

graxe: fat

graxi: fat, obese, plump

grene: grain(s)

gretar: regret

gridi: greedy

grini: green

gritar: cry out, shout, yell

grizi: gray {British: grey}

gurde: gourd (genera Lagenaria & Cucurbita)

gurku: cucumber

gustar: taste

guste: flavor, taste

gustigey: spice, seasoning

gustore: tongue

gute: drop (of liquid)

hable: ability

hakile: axe

hangar: hang, suspend, dangle

harme: harmony

hayle: hail

helme: helmet

helse: helix

hempe: hemp, marijuana

hepe: liver

hipe: hip

holdar: hold, grasp

honu: bee (Apis)

hore: hour (60 minutes)

horile: watch

horne: horn

horsu: horse (Equus caballus)

hospe: hospital

hotawi: cold, chilly, frigid

hote: heat, warmth

hoti: hot

hotle: hotel, inn

howne: hone

hukile: hook

humi: wet

ibar: contain

ibile: container

idone: batch (quantity of things done)

idre: water

idreivine: canal, ditch

idribe: bucket, pail

igar: make, render

igidar il: consist of, be composed of

ijar: become

ijepense: opinion

ike: science

il, kon: by means of, via, per, with

ilakar: misuse

ilar: use

ile: tool, utensil, implement

iligar: utilize

ilire: machine

in: in

inase: position

infar: reveal, disclose

infe: information

infile: label

inigar: put, place, translocate

inigile: syringe

inke: ink

inkegrafile: pen

inkli: diagonal, slanted

insu: sloped, inclined/declined

inteagar: interfere, hinder

inteane: interval

intenasi: international

intin: between, among, amidst, inter-

invar: invest

ire: set (complete group of similar items)

irse: iris (of eye, etc)

irsearxe: rainbow

iru: team

ise: past

isenare, isike: history, chronicle

isevayne: vinegar

isle: island

ismaru: party (political), sect (religious)

iteposan: soon

iti: short, litle

itijumar: shrink, contract

itogevidile: microscope

itogi: tiny, minuscule

iton: few (a small number of)

ivar: go

ivile: vehicle

ivine: route, path, course

jade: jade (green gemstone)

jarde: garden

jas: already

jateivile: rocket

jele: jelly (gelatinous semi-solid material), gel

jene: gene

jentli: gentle, mild

jernu: mandarina (Citrus reticulata)

jile: jealousy, envy

jive: abdomen

joge: game

jogile: toy, plaything

jorne: newspaper

jova: girl

jovi: young

jusan: recently

juvle: jewel, gem

juzar: to judge

juzare: trial (in court)

juzi: just, fair, equitable

juzine: court (of law)

juzisto: umpire, referee, official

kable: cable

kafe: coffee (sp. Coffea arabica)

kale: quality, trait, attribute, characteristic

kalkar: calculate, reckon

kalme: patience

kandle: candle

kanile: cannon

kansi: tired, weary

kantar: sing

kape: head

kapru: goat (genus Capra)

karbe: coal

karde: card

kare: car, automobile

karge: load, burden

kargekare: truck {British: lorry}

karine: park

karne: meat, flesh

karze: quartz

kase: box

kaw al?: why?

kaw an?: when?

kaw el?: how?

kaw in?: where?

kawar: ask, inquire

kawatar: answer

kawire: question, query

kawne: cone

kawni: conical

kawrar: squat

kawxe: rubber

kaxigar: hide, conceal

kay: and

kayan: still, yet

kayon: also, additionally, too

kayxe: whim, caprice

kaz: if

kazar: happen, occur

kazavi: probable

kazigar: cause

ke: that

keme: chemistry

kere: care, concern

keri: dear

kerku: oak (genus Quercus)

kerneseni: hollow

keto: cat (Felis catus)

keyve: cave

kez: almost, nearly

kihu: squirrel (family Sciuridae)

kinga: queen

kingo: king

kipar: take

kire: hand

kirekipar: catch

kireveste: glove

kirine: handle

kisar: kiss

kive: file

klanu: family

klarawi: dark, dim

klari: bright

klefe: lock

klefile: key

kleme: claim

klimbar: climb

kline: tendency, propensity, inclination

klise: eclipse

klivi: intelligent

klube: club, society

kode: code

koka: chicken

koltar: gather, collect

koltige: harvest, reap

kombe: match

kome: communication

kompe: company, firm

kompile: computer

komprar: compare

kon: with

kon ergar: cooperate, collaborate

konde: condition, state, status

koneprome: compromise

konfre: comfort

konfri: snug

koni: togheter

konige: connection, joint, junction

konji: runny, thin (of little viscosity)

konsi: conscious, aware

konste: constitution, charter

konstrar: build

konstrawar: destroy

konstride: building, edifice

kontar: count, enumerate

konte: account

konumi: coincident

kope: copy (a duplicate)

kordar: agree

kordawe: disagreement

kordedoke: contract (agreement-document)

kore: heart

korke: cork (sp. Quercus suber)

korpe: body

korpekolne: spine

kostepreze: price, cost

kostiti: cheap, inexpensive

kostogi: expensive, costly

kovrile: cover

kowte: coat

kowtite: jacket

koyle: coil

kraje: courage, bravery

krake: crack, fissure

krasar: break (into pieces)

kratar: rip out

kraxe: accident

krear: create, make (bring into existence)

kredar: believe (accept as true)

kredeante: prototype, archetype, model

krime: crime

kristle: crystal

kritar: criticize

krome: color

krose: cross

krosin: across

kruve: screw

kruxar: crush

kube: cube

kudrar: sew

kukar: cook

kukile: oven

kulpawi: innocent

kulpi: guilty, blame-worthy

kulpigar: blame

kulte: culture

kumaru: community

kumawi: strange, unusual, quirky

kumi: common

kunde: second (1/60 of a minute)

kunse: advice

kunsiru: board

kupre: cooper

kurve: curve

kuspar: spit

kutar: trim, prune

kutekolpe: stab, jab

kutile: knife

kutilibe: sheath

kutilite: stylus

kuxar: lie (recline horizontally)

kuyne: wedge

lake: lake

lansar: throw, toss

lansile: spear, lance

larjawi: narrow

larje: width

larji: wide

lasti: elastic

latrar: steal

latume: brass (copper-zinc alloy)

law ani: temporary, transient

law grafar/palar: describe

law preti: ready in time

law vesar: alternate, take turns

lawdar: praise, compliment, laud

lawne: grass (family Gramineae)

lawnebrumile: rake

lawti: loud

laykar: like, enjoy

layne: line (series of contiguous points)

legri: joyful

leje: law

lejetrawo: dictator, tyrant

lejite, lejige: rule, regulation

leli: parallel

lense: lens

lentlu: lentils (Lens culinaris)

lernar: learn

lernine: school

leste: east / orient

letre: electricity

lewno: lion (Felis leo)

leye: layer

librawile: prison

libredagey: holiday

libri: free (at liberty)

lidrar: lead

lidru: leader

life: leaf

like: liquid

likibe: jar, jug (big wide-mouthed bottle)

lime, naselime: limit, boundary

lindre: cylinder

linge: language

lipe: lip

liste: list

listre: stripe

lizigile: file (tool for abrading)

loje: logic

loke: place, location

longani: long

longawani: short, brief

longawi: short

longe: length

longi: long

lote: chance, randomicity, luck

lovar: love

lovawar: hate

loyi: loyal

lukre: profit, gain

lume: light

lumile: lamp

lune: moon

lupu: wolf (Canis lupus)

luzi: loose, baggy

magar: imagine

mage: magic, sorcery

maigar: add, append

maje: picture, image

malde: curse, damn

mame: breast, mammary

mamu: mammal

mana: woman

mandatar: obey

mande: command, order, directive

mandumar: indicate

mankar: miss

mantle: blanket

manu: man

mape: map

mare, maroge: sea, ocean

marke: mark

mas: more

mas durar: continue, keep on doing/being

mas erli: earlier

mas nirawi: further

mas subin: further down

mas vidar: notice, observe

mas volar: prefer

masi: maximum

masijar,kresar: expand, grow

mason: more quantity

masone: majority

masoni: the largest quantity

mastro: master, lord

mati: automatic

matre: matter, material, substance

mawri: bitter

mawzu: mouse

mayne: magnet

mayze: corn, maize (sp. Zea mays)

melgru: turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

melnar: grind

melnu: squash, melon (Cucurbita)

meltar: melt

mense: mind

mentar: preserve, maintain

merke: market

mersar: trade

mertar: merit, be worthy of

mese: month

mesire: year

mesirexene: century

metle: metal

meylar: to send message

meyte: rug, mat

mezar: to measure

migawo: enemy

migo: friend

mil: thousand [num]

mildi: humble

milke: milk

milnine: mill

milti: military

mimar: imitate, mimic

mimidi: artificial

min grad: less (to a smaller degree)

mindu: peanut (sp. Arachis hypogaea)

minigar: decrease

minon: at least

minon grade: least

minone: minority

minoni: least

mintu: mint (Labiatae)

mirar: admire

mirkle: miracle

mistar: mix, blend

mistre: mystery

mode: fashion

molawi: hard

molkle: molecule

mone: money

monku: monkey

monte: mountain

montiremide: valley

montite: hill

mordar: bite

mosku: mosquito

mote: motor, engine

motebayke: motorcycle

movar: move

mude: mud

mude: swamp, marsh

munde: world

mure: wall

muskle: muscle

muste: mustard

musu: banana (Musa)

muxu: mushroom

muze: music

muzehorne: horn

naf: 9, nine [num]

nafru: spinach (sp. Spinacia oleracea)

najar: swim

nali: original, non-imitative

nare, histe: story, report

narune: chapter

nasaru: public, populace, the people

nase, nasune: nation, state (political entity)

naske: birth

naskeanti: premature

nate: nature

nati hable: talent

naw: no

naw kenadi: unknown

nawar: deny

nawi: negative

nawigar: forbid

nayle: nail

naysi: nice, affable

nayte: night

nayteerge: graveyard shift

naytemide: midnight

naytije: evening

neble: fog

neje: snow

nere: mineral, ore

nerge: energy

nergesendar: send energy

nerve: nerve

neste: nest, den, lair

nete: net

newtri: neuter

nidar: need, require

nidi: necessary, needed, required

nidle: needle

nigri: black

niku: rabbit (family Leporidae)

nilan: never

nimederme: leather

nimu: animal

nino: boy

niraw: far

nirawevidile: telescope

nirawexowile: television set

nirawi: away

nirin: near, close to

nivle: level

nome: name

normi / kumi: normal / common

norte: north

note: note, annotation

novawi: old

novi: new, novel, recent

novi infe: news, tidings

nowru: carrot (Daucus carota sativus)

nozu: nut

nube: cloud

nudi: naked, nude, exposed

nume: number, numeral

nunsar: announce, proclaim

nute: minute (60 seconds)

obar: multiply

obi: many

ofrar: offer

ogan isi: long ago

ogi: big, large

ogigar: increase

ogogi: much (a large quantity of)

ogon: much, very

ok: 8, eight [num]

okley: eyeglasses

olani: always

olani: permanent

oli: all

olune: part

olvu: olive (sp. Olea europaea)

one: quantity

opawi: closed, shut

opi: open

opine: opening

opume: seal, cork

ore: organ (of body)

orgigar: organize

orzu: rice (sp. Oryza sativa)

osani: next

ose: future

oste: bone

ostire: skeleton

ove: egg

oveforme: oval, ellipse

ow: or

owle: hole

oyle: oil (a combustible liquid)

oynu: onion (sp. Allium sepa)

oyste: west

padre: pattern

pagar: pay

pagede: bill, invoice

pagesar: debt, obligation to pay

paje: page

pake: package, packet, parcel

palar: say, express in words

palatar: speak, talk

palate: discuss, talk about

paletate: quote, cite

paline: parliament, congress

palme: palm (of hand)

pama: mother

pamida: daughter

pamido: son

pamo: father

pane: bread

pantey: pants, trousers

par: for

parekrese: progress

parexane: substitute

pawdre: powder

paxte: paste

payke: thorn

pazawe: war

paze: peace

pen: 5, five [num]

pensar: think

perfawe: flaw, defect, imperfection

permore: testicle

perne: leg

persu, manu: person, human being

pertar: experience

perte: experiment

pese: species

petar: request, ask for

petre: rock, stone

petreoyle: oil (crude oil), petroleum

pexi: specific, special, particular

peype: paper

peyse: space

peze: gravity

peze: weight

pezile: scale

peziti: light

pezogi: heavy (of much weight)

pikile: fork

pinsile: tongs

pinte: paint

pinu: pine (genus Pinus)

pipru: pepper (sp. Piper nigrum)

pipru: pepper (genus Capsicum)

pirar: breathe

pirme: pyramid

pise: piece

pitar: pity, feel sorry for

pite: mercy

pize: pizza

pizu: pea (sp. Pisum sativum)

plafe: ceiling

plane: plan, design

planke: floor (bottom of room)

plaste: plastic (synthetic moldable material)

plate: plate (shallow dish)

plaze: square

pleje: pleasure

plejivar: walk

plene: planet

plodar: explode

plode:  explosion

plorar:  cry, weep

plowile: plow (plough)

plumbe: lead (the metal)

pluve: rain

pluveprotile: umbrella

pogar: support

pole: polarity (electric, magnetic, etc.)

polse: police (organization to enforce laws)

pome: apple (genus Malus)

ponje: sponge

ponte: bridge

porku: pig, swine (family Suidae)

portar: carry (move while supporting)

portekare: vehicle for transportation

posajey: rest (of ...)

posan: after, later

posanigar: delay, retard

povike: politics

poxe: pocket

poyle: pulley

poyme: poem

poyze: poison, toxin

prave: reason

pravire: reasoning, rational thought

prayde: pride (proudness; self-respect)

prayze: prize, award

prefar: favor, prefer

prejar: pray

prejine: church

prenar: understand, comprehend

presar: press

presdu: president

prese: pressure

preti: ready, prepared for a task / event

preysto: priest, clergyman

pringe: spring (the season)

printar: print

privi: private

probar: approve (of)

profar: harness

proge: program

proki: mutual, reciprocal

prome: promise

propri: suitable, proper, appropriate

prose, agire: process, procedure

protar: protect, defend

protile: apron

pruntar: borrow

pruntekrede: credit

prunu: plum (genus Prunus)

prutar: sprout

prute: bud

pruve: proof, evidence

publi: public

pulawigar: push

puligar: pull

pulme: lung

pulsane: rhythm

pume: foam, froth

pumpar: pump

punar: punish

punti: sharp, keen, pointy, acute

pupe: pillow, cushion

purawe: dirt, soil

purawi: dirty, contra-clean

purawigar: pollute, contaminate

puri: pure, clean

purpli: purple

putrar: rot, decay

radile: radio apparatus, wireless set

rake: rack (framework of bars for storage)

rale: spiral, whorl

rampar: crawl

rampu: reptile

rande: edge

ranje: orange (Citrus sinensis)

ranji krome: orange

rapawi: slowly

rape: speed, velocity

rapel: quickly, rapidly

rapivar, igar: run

raran: seldom, rarely

rarumi: rarefied, tenuous, diffuse

rase: race

raynu: spider, arachnid

rayte: right

redi: red

rege: region, area

reglawi: irregular

regli: regular, periodic

reho: deer (family Cervidae)

relawe: fiction

relge: religion

reli: real, actual

respe: responsibility

restar: remain, stay

reti: straight

revar: respect

rew: again, once more

rew kenar: recognize

rew kipar: retrieve

rew memar: remember

rew pagar: reward

rew zentar: represent (act as a substitute for)

rewivar: return

rewume: habit, custom

reye: belt

reyle: rail

reyline: railroad

reyte: ratio, rate, proportion

ridar: laugh

ridawi: serious, earnest, grave

riditar: smile

rigi: stiff, rigid

ril: than, compared to

rilije: relationship, association

ringe: ring, torus

ringire: chain (connected series of rings)

ripaje: patch (used to repair a flaw)

riprar: repair, fix

riski plane: risk project

risti: resistent

rive: river

rixawi: poor, impoverished

rixi: rich, wealthy

rode: wheel

rolar, tatrar: pretend, act, feign

rone: pasta, noodles

rope: rope

rowde: stick, reed

rowe: arrow

rowile: arc, bow (for arrows)

rozu: rose (genus Rosa)

rubar: rub, abrade

ruge: wrinkle, crease

rume: room

ruri rege: rural area

ruste: rust, corrosion

rute: root

sake: sack, bag

sakri: holy, sacred

salde: salad

salge: salt

saltar: jump

salteansu: grasshopper

salvar: save, rescue

sanawe: disease, illness, sickness

sande: sand

sani: healthy

sanile: medicine

sape: soap

sate: satisfaction

sawru: lizard

sayde: side, flank

sayne: sign

sayze: size

sed: but, however

segile: saw (tool)

segre: safety, security

seje: message

seki: dry

sekri: secret

sele: sky

seltide: classification

selvi: wild

seme: seed

sen: without

sen golar: drift, wander

sen ili / sen fasawe: direct

sen kerni: hollow

sen veyti: sudden, abrupt

sendar: send, dispatch, transmit

sensar: feel

sense: sense

sentar: feel

sentre: center

seprel: apart, separately

serbe: brain

sere, orde: sequence, order

serme: ceremony

serpu: snake (suborder Serpentes or Ophidia)

serpumi: serpentine

sertawar: miss, fail to hit

sertawi: wrong, incorrect

serti: right, correct

servar: serve

serveportile: tray (shallow rectangular dish)

sesa: female

sesaore: vagina

sese: sex, gender

sesmu: sesame (genus Sesamum)

seso: male

sesoore: penis

sesumar: copulate

set: this

setan: now

setane: present (the present time; the now)

setin: here

sev: 7, seven [num]

sevi dage: Saturday

sew: yes

sewigar: permit, allow, let

seylar: to sail

sidar: sit

sidile: chair

sidorume: buttock

sidre: star

sikle: cycle

silbe: syllable

silke: silk

silti: silent

simble: symbol, sign

simekone: same, identical

simi: similar

simplawi: complex

simpli: simple

simumi: same

sindre: ash

sirita, sirito: Miss, Mister

sirkle: circle

siro, sira: Mister, Mr.

sirxar: seek, search (for)

sis: 6, six [num]

sis zer: 1.000.000, million [num]

siste: system, technique

site: university

sive: civilization

sixe: sausage

sofar: to know

sofe: knowledge

sofo: wise

sol: only

soldi: solid

soli: alone

some: summer

sorbar: absorb

sorin: on

sosiju: partner, member

sovar: whistle

sowde: sweat

sowpe: soup

soyu: soya, soybean (sp. Glycine max)

subeplanke: basement, cellar

subin: under, below

sude: south

sufawon: insufficiently

sufogi: excessively

sufon: sufficiently

sufrigar: torture, torment

sugar: suggest, propose

suke: juice

sukre: sugar

sulke: groove, slot

sultar: insult

sume: total, sum, aggregate

sune: sun

suneflore: sunflower (sp. Helianthus annuus)

surprar: surprise, startle

susar: succeed

suxar: suck

table: table

takar: attack

tale: tin (the metal)

tali mone: coin

tase: cup

taske: task, chore, job, assignment

taskiru: commission

tatar: hit, strike

tate: touch

tatre: theater

tavre: tavern, bar, pub

tawe: front

tawigar: push

tawin: forward, ahead

tayar: tie, bind

tayde: tide

taype: type

tayze: advertisement

ted: instead of, rather than

tekike: technology

telfe: telephone

tem: to, towards

temar: reach, extend as far as

tempe: temperature

tendar: extend

tendrawi: rough, coarse, contra-smooth

tendri: smooth

tenxe: attention

tenxi: taut, tight, tense, strained

tenze: tennis

tepey: stair(s)

tepire: ladder

tere: earth

teretreme: earthquake

terigar: bury

teste: test, check

tewe: tea (sp. Camellia sinensis)

tewre: theory

teype: band, tape, flat strip

teytu: potato (sp. Solanum tuberosum)

tigru: tiger (Felis tigris)

tinle: steel

tintu: safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

tipe: kind, sort, type

tirse: tear

tisu: lettuce (Lactuca)

tixar: teach

tletisme: athletics

tome: atom

tondre: thunder

tone: tone, pitch

tope: top, peak, summit

tore: tower

torme: storm

torne: tornado

towmu: tomato (genus Lycopersicon)

toyle: toilet, water closet

tran: through

trans portar: transport

trapile: trap

trare: tar

traw korde: riot

traxe: garbage, trash, rubbish

trayar: attempt to

traye: try, attempt

trayke: strike

trayne: train (of railroad)

trese: interest

trigu: wheat (Triticum aestivum)

trike: trick, chicanery

trin: 3, three [num]

trinangle: triangle

tripe: journey, trip, voyage

tristi: sad

trite: street

tritoge: road

troke: stroke

trolar: control

trolile: dial

trovar: find

trovawar: misplace

tube: pipe

tude: study

tune: fall

tupi: stupid

turnile: reel

turtlu: turtle

tute: tooth

ulti: last, final

umbe: navel

un: 1, one [num]

unani nistro: prime minister

uneforme: uniform

unge: nail (fingernail)

uni: individual

unigar: unite

urbe: city

urbite: village

urjar: rush, hurry, hasten

urso: bear (Ursidae family)

uyre: urine

uyrore: kidney

vaju: pod

valde: value

valve: valve

vange: face

vanxile: lever

vaprar: evaporate

vapre: steam

varnar: warn

vase: wax

vaxar: wash

vayile: weapon

vayli: violent, harsh

vayne: wine

vaynebere: grape (Vitis)

vayre: wire

vayrite: thread, filament

vaytar: invite

vebar: weave

vebe: cloth, fabric

vebeprotile: apron

veju: plant (a vegetable life-form)

venar: come, arrive

vendajey: merchandise, goods, wares

vendar: sell

vendatar: buy, purchase

vendine: store, shop, boutique

venje: revenge, vengeance

vente: wind

ventile: fan

verawar: lie

verawi: false, untrue

veri: true

verse: universe

verti: vertical

vertume: pile, heap

verxar: pour

vese: time

vespre: afternoon

vetre: weather

veyle: veil

veyne: vein

veyste: waist

veytar: wait

veyteseni: sudden, abrupt

vidar: see

vide: vision

vidijile: mirror

vidore: eye

vike: week

vinde: window

vindevebe: curtain

vintar: invent

vintre: winter

vinxe: sandwich

virsu: virus

viski: viscous, thick

vistar: visit

vitani: old

vitar: live

viti: alive

vitinar: reside, dwell

vitinume: camp, bivouac

vitre: glass

vixile: towel

vokar: call

voldar: fly

voldore: wing

volvar: wrap

volvile: envelope

vomar: vomit

voraje: food

vorar: eat

vorde: word

vordire: vocabulary

vorme: worm

vose: voice

voste: tail

votar: vote

vulke: volcano

vulne: wool

vulpu: fox (Vulpes)

vunde: wound

xakejoge: chess

xalke: chalk

xanar: change

xape: hat, cap

xarar: generous, charitable

xasivar: hunt, pursue

xaynar: seem

xefu: chief

xele: shell

xelfe: shelf

xen: 100, hundred [num]

xepu: sheep (Ovis aries)

xes: at

xeste: chest

xevile: comb

xevire: hair

xeyde: shade

xeykar: shake

xeyme: shame

xeyvar: shave

xike: cheek

xile: wood

xilegrafile: pencil

xine: chin

xirar: rip

xirte: shirt

xite: sheet

xize: cheese

xokle: chocolate

xorte: shorts, trunks

xotar: shoot

xowe: show, exhibit

xue: shoe

xuldre: shoulder

xuzar: choose

zamar: examine

zaran: ever (at any time)

zari: any

zasme: enthusiasm

zastre: disaster, catastrophe

zati: exact

zayrar: desire

zemple: example

zenge: ginseng (Panax)

zere: 0, zero [num]

zerse: exercise

zerte: desert

zilake: negligence

zile: caution, prudence, carefulness

zine: magazine (periodical publication)

zistar: exist

zonti: horizontal

zulte: result, consequence

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